Criteria for effective control

Briefly discuss the criteria for effective control. There are five criteria for effective control. In designing a control system, one must make sure that it measures what is important now and what is important in the future, not what is important in the past. Firstly, the systems must be related to organizational strategy. In designing a control system, one must make sure that it measures what is important now and what is important in the future, not what is important in the past.Multinational corporations often find it useful to maintain a entralized, integrated system of controls consistent with the strategic orientation of the organization. For example, General Motor maintains a number of units that are interdependent through each of the sequential steps in the manufacturing process, therefore, General Motor must have control systems that ensure that production processes are not disrupted. Secondly, use all steps in the control process.To be effective, a control system must employ all steps in the control process. Standards of performance must be set, measurements of actual performance taken, comparisons f standards with actual performance made, and when necessary, corrective action taken. For example, in our life, for a grade A in our management course, suppose we never bothered to check our posted grade on the midterm exam. In this case, our control system would be incomplete. Without knowing our midterm exam score, we would not compare our performance with our standard.Thirdly, be composed of objective and subjective measures. Effective control systems typically require managers to blend quantitative (objective) and qualitative (subjective) performance easures. For example, management may have set specific targets for productivity. This performance goal has a precise formula for measurement. In the same situation, management has also expressed a desire to achieve high levels of worker satisfaction. Forth, be timely in feedback reporting.Timeliness is the degree to which the control systems provides information when it is needed. The issue here is not how fast the feedback information is provided but whether it is provided quickly enough to permit a response to an unacceptable deviation. For example, the U. S. naval accident that occurred in early 2005 present the importance of timeliness itself. The crew of the nuclear submarine USS San Francisco violated the feedback timeliness requirement with near-catastrophic consequences.In short, the submarine smashed into an undersea mountain. A subsequent naval investigation reveal the crew should have checked the water depth more frequently, should not have been traveling at high speed, and failed to take into account a variety of danger signs, all of which contributed to the underwater accident. Last but not least, be cceptable to a diverse workforce. To be effective, organizational controls must be accepted by employees.The control system should motivate workers to recognize standards and act to achieve them. For example, as a student in a management course. Suppose our professor has no problem assigning course grade B or lower but says that a grade of A can be achieved only by students who read a new chapter and five related Journal articles everyday and submit a 20-page, typewritten synopsis of these readings each day. Would we be discouraged from attempting to earn a grade

Poetry Explication Essay

Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618) was called a â€Å"silver poet of his time because of the way he did not conform to the poet writing style of the Renaissance era. He became fairly popular with Queen Elizabeth I and was knighted in 1585. But he fell out of her good graces when he secretly married ladies without her permission. The queen locked him in the Tower of London for some time, and while he was locked up he was writing poetry. He was ultimately arrested and executed in 1618 to appease the Spanish government for some ransacking that his men did on one of their voyages through America. His works are everything from plain to somber and that is one of the main things that made him a great poet. The Nymph’s Reply  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd† by Sir Walter Raleigh has many themes and interpretations. The poem describes love and time, but the most important thing that I think it describes is â€Å"Carpe Diem† or seizing the day. The poem is a response to Christopher Marlowe’s â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love†. Marlowe’s poem describes a shepherd trying to win over the one he loves by promising her all of these earthly things, but Raleigh’s poem is the woman seemingly denying the shepherd’s advances and saying that all of the earthly things that he promised will all eventually pass away and be forgotten. The Nymph says that the only way we can be together is if youth lasted forever and their passionate love knew no time. I believe that the theme of this poem is carpe diem and the poetic elements that support that are alliteration, visual imagery, and situational irony. The first element that helps describes Carpe Diem is in the poem is alliteration. Raleigh’s use of alliteration really helps get his points across to the reader and helps the transactions be smoother. Like in the line, â€Å"These pretty pleasures might me move† (1224), Raleigh uses alliteration to almost mock the shepherd’s advances on the nymph. And also in the line, â€Å"Time drives the flocks from field to fold† (1224), Raleigh  uses alliteration to help to say that time changes everything. That is the reason why alliteration supports the theme of Carpe Diem. The only way the Nymph will accept the shepherd’s love is if they forever live in the present where they are young and passionate. The nymph does not want earthly things that will wither or sour throughout time, but rather she wants things to be eternal and stay fresh. These examples are a perfect form of Carpe Diem, and that is why alliteration helps get the main point across to the reader. The next poetic element that helps represent Carpe Diem in the poem is the imagery, more specifically the visual imagery. Raleigh uses imagery to help support Carpe Diem by showing the disadvantages of time. He shows the readers how moods change with the seasons, flowers will wither, and things grow old all through imagery. Like in the lines, â€Å"Thy cap, thy kirtle, and thy posies Soon break, soon wither, soon forgotten† (1224-1225), Raleigh helps the reader see the flowers withering through time. He even does so well as to put images in the reader’s mind of things fading away and being forgotten. When Raleigh uses imagery to diminish time he is also using it to uplift Carpe Diem at the same time. And that is how imagery helps support the theme of Carpe Diem. The final poetic element that helps support the theme of Carpe Diem is irony. And the specific irony used in the poem is situational irony. The sense of helplessness by the shepherd is apparent throughout the poem. The shepherd has to listen to the nymph deny all the things he promised her, and tell him that the only way that they can be together forever is if they can stay young forever. This is why it is situational irony because there is nothing the shepherd can do so that he and the nymph can live young forever. The best he can give her is Carpe Diem and try to live in the now while the passion is still fresh, but ultimately they could never be together forever. This sense of situational irony is why it is a perfect example of Carpe Diem. In conclusion the poem itself really displayed strong cultural values of its time period. It showed that during the time of romanticism Carpe Diem was a big thing back then. It was a great poem with many key points and I enjoyed  reading it.

A Study Of The Indigenous People Of The Masai And Samburu Rite Of Passage And How The National Government Can Play A Role In Preserving The Culture Of The Two Communities

A Study Of The Indigenous People Of The Masai And Samburu Rite Of Passage And How The National Government Can Play A Role In Preserving The Culture Of The Two Communities Traditions practiced by the Indigenous people, like the Samburu and Maasai, can be very questionable to us foreigners. After this week’s readings and videos, I feel that I can relate and understand them more though. What I found most intriguing were the rites of passages between the Samburu and Maasai. Although I cannot emphasize with the men and women of the tribes, I understand their devotion to the community’s traditions and culture. I also want to discuss throughout this essay is national governments involvement in the indigenous culture and community. There are different sides as to whether or not the government should encourage pastoralist to be more sedentary and I hope to come to my own conclusive thoughts by the end of the essay. The rites of passages for boys and girls of both indigenous tribes that we’ve read about are cruel and harmful, but they also come with a much greater reward. Maasai boys who go through circumcisions are taught that it is the only way to become a man and a full member of the indigenous society. Girls are treated much differently in the Maasai culture. Maasai girls think that they have no choice and no power when it comes to their family and tradition. In the circumcise traditions we can blatantly see the gendered divisions. I understand the traditional sense of circumcision for males and females, but I never knew about female circumcision. In America male circumcision is much more common therefore it makes sense why I understand it more. The one aspect I do not agree with in the tradition of circumcision is the pain that both boys and girls have to go through. While the actually process is only a couple of minutes, post procedure seems unbearable and disturbing. I don’t think a tradition should be followed if death is possible, but maybe that is what makes it worth it in the indigenous culture. The indigenous communities hold a lot of spiritual beliefs and follow what we might believe are myths, but does that make it wrong? One big sense I developed this week is how black and white our cultures can be. When one individual does not follow the same path as their community then they are outcast and that seems to be true in the indigenous culture and American culture. Girls who decide against their family and societal traditions are treated unfairly, but boys are treated somewhat differently. Boys who are educated, for example, or gone at school during the rites of passages still have the option to become a man and be accepted in their community. These initiations come with many privileges as well such as marriage. Another gendered difference is the processes for illiterate women. Illiterate women must go through a complete circumcision while educated men can wait. I also noticed the portrayed female stereotype in the indigenous society. Women are seen as sexual objects that must be contained and treated. Circumcision is supposed to heal girls to become mature, clean, and acceptable for marriage. This procedure, for women, is supposed to maintain their sexual appetites and unwanted pregnancies, but why not for the men? Some women would rather go to extremes like unsafe abortions than tell their family and be treated like outcast. In many of the traditional initiations, animals are involved. I have a soft spot for animals and so I understand government influences but it is difficult to ignore the indigenous culture and practices. I think a sedentary lifestyle is much more preferred in our American culture, but we don’t always think about how it will effect their lifestyle and social lives in the indigenous culture. By killing lions, for example, it expresses a boys transition to manhood, but also decides his role in the community. If a boy is unable to kill, hunt, or drink the blood of an animal they are basically worthless to the society. If government were to restrict their practices and traditions they could destroy the indigenous social life. I do not think the government should be able to control a community’s traditions or religious beliefs, but simply advocate. I don’t think we should mandate an entire culture because it does not comply with the majority. Pastoralists of Africa rely heavily on their agriculture for mobility, trades, and mass productivity of their herds as well. Livestock is the main cause for poverty in Africa. For a while, pastoralists were unable to out insurance, but now there is a way for both pastoralist and financial institutions to. The solution can only be passed and initiated through the government though. It should be the government’s duty to provide communal grazing land and water resources. These should be rights to the indigenous people and engrained in the law. I think if the government were to provide these resources then the indigenous communities can pursue a nomadic daily life. As much as I think the government should not be allowed to dictate traditional and religious practices, I also think it might be necessary for a solution. I respect the indigenous traditions because they rely solely on their community and family to reproduce these traditions with intense emotions. Unfortunately these undeveloped countries also need government assistance to pursue and reciprocate their traditions. I think if the indigenous people had the resources and education they would also comprehend the agriculture dilemmas they face and the positive reinforcements that the government can provide.

Technology and Training Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technology and Training Systems - Essay Example customers are increasingly making unique and unpredictable product demands and most of them want the products of services that are right for them instantly. I realized that predicting customer demands and articulating product specifications are becoming very difficult, and; hence, Wal-Mart needs to recruit employees with relevant technological requirements who can adapt to the dynamic product changes in order to enhance their productivity. They also need to institute stable processes that employees can use the rapid and unpredictable technological changes taking place in the world today (Fishman, 2007). This will, in turn, allow the company to build stable and flexible platforms of process capabilities on a continuing basis, and; thus, enhance the employee’s technological knowledge and increase process efficiency, which are clear indicators of a stable process of change. Wal-Mart will also need to design training systems in order to increase competency and productivity of empl oyees. These training systems will help reduce the cost of creating new and varied products by establishing a stable efficient platform of capabilities (Dreher & Dougherty, 2001). Thus, they will need to put in place training systems that enable employees handle a greater variety and range of customer and market needs. Wal-Mart will have to enhance its response to market transformations by both business and information systems staff by creating systems that can be amalgamated and integrated across changing products and markets Wal-Mart’s current staffing system focuses on four key characteristics in assessing employees’ skill potential namely attitude, aptitude, applicability and experience. In assessing attitude, the characteristics required by each employee are a team player, empathy,... Wal-Mart will also need to design training systems in order to increase competency and productivity of employees. These training systems will help reduce the cost of creating new and varied products by establishing a stable efficient platform of capabilities. Thus, they will need to put in place training systems that enable employees to handle a greater variety and range of customer and market needs. Wal-Mart will have to enhance its response to market transformations by both business and information systems staff by creating systems that can be amalgamated and integrated across changing products and markets.Wal-Mart’s current staffing system focuses on four key characteristics in assessing employees’ skill potential namely attitude, aptitude, applicability, and experience. In assessing attitude, the characteristics required by each employee are a team player, empathy, patience and an active listener. The staff is also required to be professional, resourceful, polite, c ourteous, friendly, helpful and persevering. Aptitude entails the ability by staff to learn new skills, retain them and integrate them with the old ones. Applicability is the ability for staff to apply knowledge and skills to appropriate use, sharing this knowledge and skills with others, and foreseeing new areas where these skills may apply. In terms of experience, Wal-Mart considers the number of year’s experience an employee has in a given skill, whether it is up to date and the degree of variation of the experience.

CREATING A NEW BRAND FOR A NEW MARKET. TATANANO - ESTIMATING THE TUUE Case Study

CREATING A NEW BRAND FOR A NEW MARKET. TATANANO - ESTIMATING THE TUUE COST OF THE CHEAPEST CAR IN THE WORLD - Case Study Example Apart from all these features and benefits offered by the car, it is being promoted as a part of one of the biggest brands of India, Tata. Tata has already high share and in the vehicles industry of India for around 70 years. The company has developed strong brand equity by supplying low cost and quality products with innovations to compete with the international market. Tata is considered to be the ideal developer of the cheapest and most fuel efficient car in the mass market of India as they have the advantage of 65 years of market experience and brand loyalty in vehicle sector. For this reason the company has made huge investment in this Tata Nano project. Other competitors do not have a brand loyalty as Tata in the target market and for this reason have been reluctant to make huge investment in any new project. Tata takes the first mover advantage because of which Tata is market leader today in the cheapest vehicle customer segment. Question # 2: Most of the international countri es including EU are concerned about the environment effect which will be generated by the launch of Tata Nano. The most important effect is pollution which will be increased because of the excessive use of Tata Nano by consumers, as a result there will be high consumption of fuel and hence high emission of carbon gas would take place. This in turn will cause several diseases. Apart from this, when huge quantity of cars will be launched every year it will make the traffic congested in roads which in turn will cause traffic jams, hence creating daily routine problem for people. In response to all these environmental concerns of international countries, Tata justify their Tata Nano as a low pollution emission car as compared to other cars and they considered the car as an alternative of motorcycle and scooters. Tata Nano would create a bit more pollution then motorcycles and scooters but it would improve the living standard of the middle class sector. The people of India gives the pref erence to Tata Nano because a major part of population of India lives in rural areas and facing difficulties in travelling on motorcycles and scooters with their families, so Tata Nano will be a great alternative for them to use the car for business purpose and for family use also. Hence this car is beneficial in both aspects. Question # 3: The other companies would be concerned because Tata will supply their Nano product in a very large segment of around 50 million potential customers. Along with this the company already has high brand equity and loyalty in the mind of the consumers. For this reason, all other vehicle producers have been highly concerned with the situation. The launch of Tata Nano will directly affect the Bajaj motors low price and consumption vehicle. At the same time many producers of motorcycles and scooters will also be affected by the production and launch of Nano production. With a huge production plan of Nano, Tata motors can introduce this vehicle in intern ational market also because they are bearing a very low cost of production. Along with this the company has high brand image in the international market as one of the oldest producers of vehicles with quality products. Tata Nano would offer customers in foreign countries with a low price car option as it would cost around US $2500 which is the cheapest among all cars. Question # 4: With the

Health Effects of Alcohol consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Effects of Alcohol consumption - Essay Example Irrespective of what the studies that simply focus on the bad effects of alcohol, there is evidence that light drinking or consuming alcohol in very moderate quantities can actually have several health benefits. Alcohol produces both short as well as long-term health and behavioral problems, while on the other hand there has been experimental research which has highlighted the positive results that alcohol consumption might have on the health. Therefore in spite of the bad effects that consumption of alcohol might have on the drinker, there are also a few positive sides to drinking as well especially on diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. As soon as alcohol enters the bloodstream of the drinker it initiates certain reactions. Most of these reactions are however acute and short-lived such as slurred speech, motor impairment etc. However, it has been seen that regular intake of alcohol has several detrimental effects on the human body. Since different beverages have different alcohol percentages the risks posed by each beverage is different. Many researchers have drawn a relation between alcohol intake and risk of heart diseases. According to some studies conducted in Great Britain, regular and heavy drinkers had a higher risk of developing coronary heart ailments. In America, heart failure remains one of the major public health issues. Almost 500,000 American citizens die because of heart failure (Djousse et al, 2008). Alcohol drinking has been associated with heart failure since heavy drinking can cause cardiomyopathy.

Design Proposal for a Product or Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Design Proposal for a Product or Service - Essay Example Simple facts such as this necessitated the establishment of Dines Company to provide high level of standard services only when need calls for organizations and institutions of similar management/ operation styles. Depending on if your catering requirements are for a large gathering or something as simple as an intimate party, we will always handle your event with the delicacy and standards recommended. We have a special state of the art kitchen in Florida CBD, USA; and a completely outfitted catering convoy which is meant to serve as our ‘kitchen on the go’, when any needs call for. In case of no cooking facilities at you party venue, just a simple notification will enable us come along with all the necessary supplies, equipments, and the right personnel. As allowed by our professionalism and vast experience, our team is specialized in ensuring creative fusion cuisine and making best choices from a variety of food traditions. We provide any combination as required by the clients, ranging from the very simple party appetizers to higher five-course meals. At all levels of our service provisions, we will always be pleased to have you work with us in making any suggestions on the menu, or rather go by your choice as is provided on the list of menu that our staff have already designed. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages are also available at all times for your events. All the necessary materials and requirements that are necessary in the provision of our services are at their best and healthy states with us. However, we may also work with the clients’ resources in case they require so. For any event, we always draw very close attentions to clients who may be having any special needs, their won samples to be used and ingredients’ specifications. In the event of our call by any the esteemed clients, we do provide very flexible platforms. Our

Family business organizational change Personal Statement

Family business organizational change - Personal Statement Example With this kind of situation, it appears that I will not need to conduct a thorough negation with Acico's top management but only a discussion with my father and sister. However, I am sure that my father will approve of my proposal since he has always been supportive with the strategies that we want to implement in the business organization. My sister has also taken this same course and I believe that she will also be more than willing to implement the transformation that is needed. However, as the organizational strategy that I would like to put in place focuses on the empowerment and motivation of the entire human resource, I believe that this effort should be commenced by consulting the other top executives about their position in the structural change. In this way, they will really feel my commitment of empowering and motivating them to excel in their positions. I have realized that it is imperative to first communicate the issues of change to the other executives in Acico, making sure that they understand it and embrace it. I am aware that some of them may be hesitant in implementing the necessary changes. Since the present organizational structure and system has worked for Acico for the past ten years, they might question the efficiency of the new system. Also, some of them may not want to alter the status quo with the fear that things will just turn out more complicated. In order to convince them, I realize the importance of preparing answers to their questions and skepticism. I will deal with these executive with the level of professionalism and expertise required of a top manager. My explanation will focus on the different concepts and case studies I have learned in this course, together with various real world experience of companies who also embraced this change. I will let them see that the change will be for the benefit of all the stakeholders of Acico in the long run including them. In the long run, these changes will become the foundation of the company's operation enabling our successors to run the business organization efficiently, create the shareholder value, and ensure the satisfaction of the customers. I will let them see that the workforce is one of the most important resources of the company as they are our strategic partners. Thus, they should also be aligned strategically in order to attain our organizational goals. I know that I will also be dealing with the mindset of some of the people in the organization. Being relatively less experienced than most of the company's executives, some of them may think that my sister and I are just young ladies equipped with MBA degrees, and thinking that we know it all, we implement changes within Acico. I believe that this misconception also needs to be changed. Through words and actions, it is my aim to communicate to the top management that we are implementing changes not because we want to prove ourselves but to improve the situation of everyone in the business organization. With the changes that I want to implement, Acico will be in a win-win situation where all of the employees are more productive because they are

Discuss how and why leaders are able to influence their followers Essay - 1

Discuss how and why leaders are able to influence their followers. Illustrate your answer by using examples from different power - Essay Example Any form of leadership whether born or made must be associated with factors of situation, communication and followers. Since different leadership styles are applied under different situations, for a leader to be able to control and coordinate his followers then he must have a clear understanding about human knowledge, emotions, demands and how to consolidate goals and objectives of the firm. Moreover, good leadership is associated with appropriate communication skills which, involves giving illustrations whether verbally or through any other form and the followers reluctantly admit or accept the instructions without cohesion or use of force. In very concept of leader’s follower relationship, majority prefers leaders with whom they can give a lot of respect while offering guidance to the achievement of some visions and mission of a group (Neeraja 2011). Power In a broader context, power has been known to work effectively together with leadership or where leadership but the two are distinct and independent. By definition, power is described as the ability to influence the behavior of specific people or alter the cause of action with experience of no or very minimal resistance from the followers. There are several forms of power and each and every leader should be in a position to handle any form. Several researches have indicated that most leaders are psychologically ill prepared to handling different forms of power and therefore appropriate training is often advised so as to avoid cohesion and intrigues that may erupt form a group controlled by a specific leader (Lussier 2012). Concerning the guidance of an organizational behavior, power is considered as a vital concept totally different from authority that legitimizes organizational working. Several psychologists have come up with different forms of power but the most common types of powers include: Reward power This type of power involves a leader motivating the employees by offering incentives so as to enable them increase organizational productivity. All the aspects of financial demands would call for reward power. The main purpose of this type of power in an organization is to recognize the employees’ latitudes for the job well done. Besides, most leaders recognize this as the best method of cultivating employer employee relationship in an organization (Lane and Draft 2008). Coercive power This is where a leader instills fear on the followers so as to enhance organizational performances. It involves the use of threat and force by identifying the mistakes of the employees who therefore toil extremely hard son hard to sustain their jobs by meeting the targets. It is however, advised that leaders should avoid this type of power because no credibility and quality performance can be achieved by subjecting a person into coercive influence (Lane and Draft 2008). Legitimate power This type of power is accorded to a person to achieve a higher rank so that he can lead a specific t eam or a group of people. Legitimate power becomes more valid when organizational employees are able to recognize that position as the head they are able to abide with the direction of command of a specific head such as head of

Dissertation Chapter4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Chapter4 - Dissertation Example In this chapter of the dissertation, we will showcase the data gathered, the analysis done and the results drawn from those analyses. 4.2 Descriptive analysis Throughout the study we have mainly done the analysis part with the help of one-way ANOVA and T test. ANOVA is an assortment of statistical tools that helps the reader to arrive at a certain inference. Inference is the process of obtaining rational conclusions from some assumed or known assertions. ANOVA analyzes the deviation between the means of various groups as well as the deviation that happens to take place within the groups (physics.csbsju.edu, n.d.). Moreover in an ANOVA background, the detected variance existing in a definite variable is classified into particular components that feature a range of variation sources. ANOVA can be used for multiple factors as well as for a single factor. In the present dissertation we have divided the main questions into seven groups and for each group we have conducted one way ANOVA i. e. ANOVA for single factor (csse.monash.edu.au, n.d.). The single factor ANOVA is used to differentiate between the mean values of two or more samples with the application of F test (people.richland.edu, n.d.). This procedure is only suitable for analyzing numerical data. The technique involves testing the null hypothesis of the samples belonging to two or more groups within a population having equal mean values. The ANOVA generates an F statistic, where if the mean values of the groups are obtained from population having similar mean values, then the group means variance should be lesser than that of the variance contained by the samples (Leitzel, 2009). On the contrary a greater ratio consequently signifies that the samples were gathered from the populations having different value for their means. After the vivid description of the ANOVA technique, we would now discuss the T test. It is conducted for testing statistical hypothesis in which the statistics of the test pursue a Stude nt’s t distribution in the case when the null hypothesis is supported. We are considering the T test because the standard deviation of the population here is unknown. The â€Å"Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances† have been used in the analysis of the data as this test provides us with the information stating whether a hypothesis of the t-test has been achieved (Engineering Statistics Handbook, n.d.). T-test presumes that the inconsistency of each group remains almost same. When the assumptions of the t test are not met, then a specific kind of the t-test is applied which we will discuss in the next sections of the chapter. 4.3 Demographic profile The demographic profiles of the consumers both belonging to the UK and Thailand will be discussed in this section. Here we have used the descriptive statistics technique for analyzing the data gathered relating to the demographic profiles of the respondents. This technique is basically used for summarizing a sample and it is different from inferential statistics (Khan Academy, 2013), where the data is used for learning about a population which the sample has been assumed to represent. Moreover descriptive statistics is not based on probability theory unlike the inferential stati

Irony In Nathan The Wise Essay Example for Free

Irony In Nathan The Wise Essay Nathan the Wise is a call for reexamination among those who consider themselves as having the monopoly on truth while the rest of the world are supposedly living their lives based on false creeds. The misunderstanding among peoples or nations is rooted in this perception. Gotthold Lessing’s play sought to highlight the innate prejudices of his characters’ religious affiliations and subsequently provided a pithy reminder in the form of an irony. â€Å"Ah! Indeed you do not know how closer I shall cling to you henceforth. We must, we will be friends. Despise my nation. We did not choose a nation for ourselves. Are we our nations? What’s a nation then? Were Jews and Christians such, e’er they were men? And have I found in thee one more, to whom It is enough to be a man? (Lessing)† This was Nathan’s response to The Templar on the latter’s perception of Jews. The irony is on the second to the last sentence which implores humanity to be humane or kind to others regardless of what one believed in. Lessing is contrasting people living their lives based on religions and men who are humane kind to their fellowmen. The irony is in our supposition that our beliefs save us, guide our conduct, and teach us to be human. Yet the same precepts tend to make us biased and often cruel to those outside our fold. Indeed everyone is certain that his belief is the truth among many â€Å"lies†. Sometimes it’s this self-righteousness that makes us unjust. A paradox as pointed out by Lessing. It is ironic that a play written more than two centuries still holds true today. IRONY IN TARTUFFE Moliere parodied religiosity through his play, Tartuffe. Moliere created a very witty play of witless characters-with the exception of the servant girl, Dorine and Cleante. The irreverence of the play could explain away its banning during its time. Hypocrisy is personified by Tartuffe as credulity is personified by Orgon. There are gems of literary passages in the play that demonstrate irony. One particular instance was the interjection of Dorine to Orgon who was convincing his surprised mother about Tartuffe’s masquerade. This passage in Act V, Scene V is worth considering: â€Å"You are quite wrong, you have no right to blame him; This action only proves his good intentions. Love for his neighbour makes his virtue perfect; And knowing money is a root of evil, In Christian charity, hed take away Whatever things may hinder your salvation. † Orgon and his family are about to be evicted from their own home by the unscrupulous Tartuffe when this particular dialogue was uttered. He was already at a loss of how Tartuffe could have done this to him. The irrepressible Dorine could not resist jabbing him verbally. To be deprived of one’s property is to be given the chance to be eternally saved since the thing that causes sin is taken away from you. The person robbing you then is in fact doing you a favor and the robbery itself is a result of good intentions. This may be a tongue-in-cheek line but the irony is apparent in the situation where the quest for religiosity has led almost to Orgon’s total material depravity. IRONY IN THE PRINCESS OF CLEVES â€Å"If any other motives than honour and virtue were necessary to induce you to persist in that character you have hitherto worthily sustained; I would tell you, that a reverse of conduct will disturb my happiness in a better world. But should (which Heaven forbid! ) this heavy misfortune be inevitable, I shall welcome death with joy, since it prevents my being witness to your disgrace (Lafayette). † These last words in the deathbed of Madame de Chartres were part of a warning to her daughter of the pitfalls of falling in love while married. Rather than prevent the Princess of Cleves falling in love, it further arouses in her the need to experience what is romantic and for her which obviously she has not found from the Prince of Cleves. Aside from this irony of a warning prodding one to fall into the pit of forbidden love, Madame de Chartres or Madame Lafayette treated us with verbal irony in the last two sentences. She indicated that if the Princess will stray from the marriage path, she will be unhappy. Still she added she might be happy in death since it will prevent her from witnessing that which would bring disgrace to her daughter. This strong admonition is quite consistent with how society looks upon extramarital dalliances. The Princess was only guilty of mental infidelity. Ironically, it was not only her who suffered but her mother, who died of a broken heart, perhaps from a daughter who ignored her; husband, who died of jealousy; the Duc Nemours who suffered emotionally; and finally the Princess herself who entered a convent. The deathbed warning is ironically not helping the Princess. It destroyed everybody. Bibliography Lessing, G. E. (n. d. ). Nathan the Wise. Retrieved March 14, 2009, from PDF Books: www. pdfbooks. co. za Moliere, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin. The Project Gutenberg EBook Tartuffe. Project Gutenberg, October 26, 2008 (Posting Date). Lafayette, M. The Princess of Cleves. London: J. WILKIE, No. 71, St. PAUL’S.

Indian Automobile Industry Analysis Essay Example for Free

Indian Automobile Industry Analysis Essay Today the automobile sector in India contributes 5% to the nation’s GDP, making it a prominent player in the economy. It will contribute around 19% of the Tax collection for financial year 2009-10. Following have been the features of Auto industry in the past financial year. The following tables and charts consist of the performance of Auto industry in past few years. Industry Aggregate (Rs in million)| | AMJ 10 (E)| Net Sales| 363904. 38| Change (%)| 39%| EBITDA| 64665. 22| Change (%)| 94%| Depreciation| 7303. 60| Interest| 3348. 58| Other Income| 7118. 93| PBT| 61131. 97|. Tax| 16645. 21| Effective tax rate| 27%| Reported PAT| 44486. 77| Change % (Reported PAT)| 92%| Market Cap (Rs in bn)| 1647. 17| Source: BSE India; Cygnus Research| Note: The aggregate consists of the following companies- Bajaj Auto, Ashok Leyland, Tata Motors, TVS Motors, Force Motors, Hero Honda, Escorts Ltd. , Eicher Motors, Maruti Udyog Limited, Punjab Tractors Limited, Mahindra Mahindra, and Hindustan motors Source: QPAC Indian Automobile industry Apr-Jun 2010 INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AND TRENDS Overview The auto industry in India is the ninth largest in the world. After Japan, South Korea and Thailand, in 2009, India emerged as the fourth largest exporter of automobiles. Several Indian automobile manufacturers have spread their operations globally. Indian auto industry, which is currently growing at the pace of around 18 % per annum, has become a hot destination for global auto players like Volvo, General Motors and Ford. The Indian automobile industry is going through a phase of rapid change and high growth. With new projects coming up on a regular basis, the industry is undergoing technological change. The major players are expanding their plants and focusing on mass customization, mass production. Yearly-Analysis Year on year as the Indian population grows the requirement for the transportation will also grow, so it is clear that the industry demand is directly proportional to the population. Presently in India there are 100 people per vehicle while the figure in china is 82. Indian automotive industry is strong and productive sector for the economy growth. It gives nearly 5% of the employment to the country’s population. Continue improving quality results in exports of automobile and ancillary industry is boosting out the demand in oversees business. The Indian auto-players are expanding their presence in oversees market. In the last 5 years the foreign investment in this sector nearly doubled. Production Trend: The Indian automotive industry face a tough time during FY08 and its production were almost stagnated. From the early FY09, the industry started showing marginal growth in terms of production and reached to 14. 04m units till FY10. Due to the huge insist in the domestic market company’s sale nearly 88% of their total production in the country and rest 12% vehicles they export. Domestic and Exports sales trend: In terms of domestic sales the industry is showing positive approach from the last 3-years. During FY10 the industry domestic sales reached to 12. 29m units. The Indian exports are increasing gradually form the past 5-years and reached to 1. 80m units in FY10. Earlier the industry depended on the foreign auto parts, but due to the increase of the global players in the country and establishing the plants ended painless move to the Indian auto-players. INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE (YEARLY) Indian Automobile Industry Performance (Apr-Mar)| | Production| Domestic Sales| Exports| | 2009| 2010| %| 2009| 2010| %| 2009| 2010| %| Passenger vehicles (PVs)|. Passenger Cars| 1516967| 1926484| 27| 1220475| 1526787| 25| 331535| 441710| 33| UVs| 219498| 272848| 24| 225621| 272733| 21| 3034| 2823| -7| MPVs| 102128| 151908| 49| 106607| 150256| 41| 1160| 1613| 39| Total PV| 1838593| 2351240| 28| 1552703| 1949776| 26| 335729| 446146| 33| Commercial vehicles (CVs)| MHCVs| | | | | | | Passenger Carriers| 40995| 46026| 12| 34892| 43081| 24| 7456| 6069| -19| Goods Carriers| 151288| 204145| 35| 148603| 201977| 36| 9363| 14354| 53| Total MHCVs| 192283| 250171| 30| 183495| 245058| 34| 16819| 20423| 21| LCVs| | | | | | |. Passenger Carriers| 28635| 34751| 21| 26952| 34421| 28| 5426| 2708| -50| Goods Carriers| 195952| 281686| 44| 173747| 251916| 45| 20380| 21876| 7| Total LCVs| 224587| 316437| 41| 200699| 286337| 43| 25806| 24584| -5| Total CVs| 416870| 566608| 36| 384194| 531395| 38| 42625| 45007| 6| 3-wheelers| Goods Carriers| 417434| 530203| 27| 268463| 349662| 30| 146914| 172505| 17| Total 3-Wheelers| 79586| 88890| 12| 81264| 90706| 12| 1152| 777| -33| Grand total| 497020| 619093| 25| 349727| 440368| 26| 148066| 173282| 17| 2-Wheelers|. Scooter| 1161276| 1494409| 29| 1148007| 1462507| 27| 25816| 30125| 17| Motorcycles| 6798118| 8444852| 24| 5831953| 7341139| 26| 971018| 1103104| 14| Mopeds| 436219| 571070| 31| 431214| 564584| 31| 7300| 6905| -5| Electric Two Wheel| 24179| 2558| -89| 26445| 3001| -89| 40| 50| -| Total 2-Wheelers| 8419792| 10512889| 25| 7437619| 9371231| 26| 1004174| 1140184| 14| Grand Total| 11172275| 14049830| 26| 9724243| 12292770| 26| 1530594| 1804619| 18| source: SIAM; Cygnus Research| Demand-supply mismatch: The new capacity addition till 2012, may anticipate a demand and supply mismatch in the short term. Demand is only expected to grow by 10-12% every year. In 2009-10 the domestic auto industry was utilizing 80-85% of its capacity, but this may drop to 65% by 2012. India may be in a similar position in 2012 as the global auto industry is in right now. The global capacity utilization in 2009-10 was around 65%, down from 80% in 2008-09. In the near future it is expected that the mismatch is going to see between Demand and Supply. Capacity addition: Accoding to Fitch Ratings, by 2012, the existing players in the market are expected to add 0. 9m units to the 2. 6m units’ capacity of the passenger vehicle segment and 0.6m units to the 0. 75m units’ capacity of the commercial vehicle segment. Meanwhile, global automakers who currently only assemble in India, are expected to set up production units, in order to be more competitive with local players. Quarterly-Analysis Production Trend During AMJ10, the segmental market size of 2-wheeler stood at 77%, followed by Passenger vehicles at 16% and then followed by 3-wheelers at 4%. In this quarter the total industry production increased by 33. 27 to 4. 09m units from 3. 06m units in the previous year same period. The commercial vehicle segment production has increased by 57. 11% to 0.16m units and recorded top among the segments. Sales and Exports Trend From the past two years the sale of the vehicles are increasing during this quarter due to the domestic demand made by the festive season and the exports are declining. In terms of sales commercial vehicles sales had increased by 55% during AMJ10 and stood in top against AMJ09. Passenger vehicle sales increased by 33% next to Commercial Vehicles and stood at 0. 55m units followed by 2 and 3-wheelers. The total Indian automobile exports during AMJ10 increased by 59. 30% to 0. 58m units against 0. 36m units. The 3-wheeler segment stood in top in- terms of exports by 150. 33% increase followed by C. V and P. V. SEGMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE INDUSTRY (QUARTERLY) Automobile Sales Performance in AMJ (in terms of Volume)| I PASSENGER VEHICLES| | AMJ09| AMJ10| % change| A. Passenger Cars| 324,985| 433,641| 33%| B. UVs| 60,969| 76,432| 25%| C. MPVs| 31,965| 44,493| 39%| TOTAL (A+B+C)| 417,919| 554,566| 33%| II. COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (CVs)| MHCVs| | | | A. Passenger Carriers| 7,482| 11,574| 55%| B. Goods Carriers| 31,408| 59,642| 90%| TOTAL (A+B)| 38,890| 71,216| 83%| LCVs| | | | A. Passenger Carriers| 9,601| 11,566| 20%| B. Goods Carriers| 48,376| 67,095| 39%| TOTAL (A+B)| 57,977| 78,661| 36%|. TOTAL COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (CVs)| 96,867| 149,877| 55%| III. THREE WHEELERS| A. passenger carrier| 72,339| 84,298| 17%| B. goods carrier| 18,963| 20,855| 10%| TOTAL (A+B)| 91,302| 105,153| 15%| IV TWO WHEELERS| A. scooters| 317,400| 470,323| 48%| B. motor cycles| 1,689,716| 2,097,415| 24%| C. mopeds| 128,738| 157,588| 22%| TOTAL (A+B+C+D)| 2,135,854| 2,725,326| 28%| Total volume (units)| 2,741,942| 3,534,922| 29%| Source: SIAM; Cygnus Research| SEGMENTAL PERFORMANCE Two-wheelers Note: Demand is expected on the base of country population bases and the base year is taken as 2000 for projections. The Indian 2-wheeler industry has reported a 26% (Y-o-Y) growth in FY10 with sales at 9. 37m units as against 7. 43m units sold in FY09. On the exports front, the 2-wheeler industry with 1. 14m shipments in FY10 posted a growth of 14% (Y-o-Y). Hero Honda Motors Ltd. (HHML), the worlds largest two wheeler manufacturer continued to dominate the total 2-wheeler industry with a market share of 48. 10%. In the motorcycle segment, the domestic sales grew 26% (Y-o-Y) to 7. 34m units while the exports grew 14% (Y-o-Y) to 1. 10m shipments in FY10. Hero Honda dominated the motorcycle space with a market share of 44% followed by Bajaj Auto (21%) and TVS Motors (15%). Market Penetration The two-wheeler industry is growing at a good phase in the country and expected a presence of 92 per every 1000 people at the end of 2010. The segment expects huge demand in the next 5 years. The industry is expected to sell nearly 26. 56m units till 2015. The segment is expected to face a tough time in 2011, due to the heavy compilation by the low cast cars and the alternative electronic vehicles. From 2012 the segment is expected to grow at the CAGR of 19% till 2015. Segment Boosters. New launches, coupled with low base and festive (marriage) season, helped the 2- wheeler industry post an impressive volumes growth for the month of May 2010. While the low base helped Bajaj Auto Ltd. (BAL) posts a growth of 62% (Y-o-Y) in total sales over the same month of the last fiscal. Three Wheelers The 3-wheeler industry posted an impressive growth of 26% (Y-o-Y) to 0. 44m units in FY10 as against 0. 34m units sold in the last fiscal. On the exports front, the 3-wheeler industry reported 17% (Y-o-Y) growth with 0. 17m units shipments in FY10. The passenger carrier segment reported higher growth in the domestic market at 0. 34m units 30% (Y-o-Y), while the goods carrier segment posted a 12% (Y-o-Y) growth for FY10. On the exports front, the passenger carrier segment posted a 17% (Y-o-Y) growth with 0. 17m unit shipments, while the goods segment posted a 33% (Y-o-Y) decline with exports of 777 units in FY10. Market share and players performance: Piaggio Vehicles continued to dominate the 3-wheeler industry with a market share of 41% followed by Bajaj Auto (35%) and Mahindra Mahindra (11%). In this 3-wheeler segment 81% sub-segment is captured by Passenger carriers, which is primarily for the rural people moving long distances. The remaining 19% is covered by cargo or goods carriers; there are the versatile vehicles suitable for both intra and inter-city transport. Segment Boosters In suburban and rural areas 3-wheelers are primarily used as substitutes for buses. They thrive because of very poor public transport and on shorter trip distances. Some of the opportunities of this segment are; the inability of state government to provide the required number of buses, lack of political will to privatize public transport and free up fares. Increasing number of 3-wheelers on these routeswill bring download availability form 10-12% to 6-8%, people for 80% of the trips. PRINCIPLE APPLICATION OF 3-WHEELERS| Segments| Primary uses| Fuel used| Forecasted 3-yearsCAGR| In-city| Home-Office,Home-shopping,Schoolchildren, Home-Railways or Air port. | Petrol/LPG/CNG| 10%| Rural| Stage coach| Diesel| 11%| Cargo| Wholesaler to retailerRetailer to end user distribution| Diesel/CNG| -6%| Growth drivers and Indian in the world automobile industry (2010) Growth Drivers of Indian Auto Market| India in world production| ? Rising industrial and agricultural output? Rising per capita income? Favourable demographic distribution with rising working population and middle class? Urbanisation? Increasing disposable incomes in rural agri-sector? Availability of a variety of vehicle models meeting diverse needs and preferences? Greater affordability of vehicles? Easy finance schemes? Favourable government policies? Robust production| ? Well-developed, globally competitive auto ancillaryindustry? Established automobile testing and RD centers? Among one of the lowest cost producers of steel in the world? Worldssecondlargestmanufactureroftwo wheeler? Fifthlargestmanufacturerofcommercial vehicles? Largest manufacturers of tractors in the world? Fourth largest passenger car market in Asia? India is the second largest two-wheeler market in the world.? 11th largest passenger car market in the world? Expectedtobetheseventhlargestauto industry by 2016| Inter- firm Comparison: Two – Wheelers Operational Performance The sales figure of Hero Honda is estimated to increase by 33. 73% in revenue terms from Rs3824. 40m in AMJ09 to Rs51116. 77m in AMJ10. Hero Honda scooter segment, pleasure sales have been growing at an average of 16000 units per month, it also crossed its land mark of 4. 5m unit sales for FY10. Bajaj Auto is estimated to show a sharp increase in sales figure by 33% from Rs 233384. 70m in AMJ09 to Rs31230. 88m in AMJ10, this has been led by its two game changing brands, Pulsar and Discover, with clocked robust volumes. TVS Motors is estimated to show an increase of 34% in sales from Rs9886. 97m in AMJ09 to Rs13254. 32m in AMJ10. Its scooter and motorcycle segment sales grew by 24% and 15% respectively; exports were increased by 22% to 20067 units during May. The newly launched TVS Jive and the TVS Wego have supported better volume growth for the month of March. Two-Wheeler Rs (m)| | AMJ 09 (A)| AMJ 10 (E)| Growth| Bajaj Auto| 23384. 70| 31230. 88| 33. 55| Hero Honda| 38224. 40| 51116. 77| 33. 73| TVS| 9886. 97| 13254. 32| 34. 06| Source: BSE India; Cygnus Research| Financial Performance The overall sale of all the companies is expected to rise. In case of TVS Motors OPM will improve mainly due to reduction in other expenses and raw material cost. The operational performance of Hero Honda has also improved and is directly reflected in its OPM and NPM growth which has increased by 837bps and 486bps respectively. Bajaj Autos OPM and NPM have been increased by 94bps and 170 bps points respectively. Overall in terms Hero Honda stood in top position in terms of operational and financial performance. | Bajaj Auto| Hero Honda| TVS| | AMJ 09 (A)| AMJ 10 (E)| AMJ 09 (A)| AMJ 10 (E)| AMJ 09 (A)| AMJ 10 (E)| Net sales| 23384. 70| 31230. 88| 38224. 40| 51116. 77| 9886. 97| 13254. 32| NPM (%)| 12. 55| 14. 25| 13. 08| 17. 95| 1. 84| 2. 85| OPM (%)| 18. 45| 19. 38| 17. 01| 25. 38| 6. 33| 6. 01| Source: BSE India; Cygnus Research| Cost Structure Analysis Cost Structure (as % of Net sales) AMJ09 Vs AMJ10| Company| Hero Honda| Bajaj Auto| TVS Motors| Industry| Year| 09| 10| 09| 10| 09| 10| 09| 10| (Increase)/Decrease in Stock| 0. 33| -2. 33| 2. 04| 1. 34| 3. 15| 4. 49| -0. 74| 0. 68| Consumption of raw materials| 67. 42| 62. 86| 60. 60| 64. 04| 67. 61| 60. 50| 65. 91| 62. 41| Purchase in stock in trade| 0. 00| 0. 00| 3. 51| 3. 67| 1. 62| 1. 88| 4. 44| 5. 55| Staff cost| 3. 62| 2. 76| 4. 83| 2. 98| 5. 29| 4. 87| 5. 34| 3. 86| Other expenditure| 11. 62| 11. 32| 10. 57| 8. 59| 15. 99| 22. 26| 12. 33| 9. 73| Depreciation| 1. 19| 0. 86| 1. 41| 0. 12| 2. 57| 1. 89| 2. 63| 2. 01| Interest Financial Charges| -0. 14| -0. 10| 0. 26| 0. 00| 1. 73| 0. 91| 1. 25| 0. 92| Tax| 3. 99| 7. 69| 5. 22| 6. 11| 0. 19| 0. 76| 2. 62| 4. 57| Source: BSE India; Cygnus Research|. Raw material cost forms the major chunk of cost for two-wheeler companies followed by other expenditure, staff cost. In terms of raw material, staff cost and other expenses the performance of Bajaj is better compared to its peers. Overall, Bajaj auto is efficient from operational point of view. It has declined its overall cost structure by 159 bps to 86. 84% from 88. 44% as the percentage of sales during AMJ09. Porter Five Forces model Here is the analysis of Auto Industry with help of the porter’s five forced model. This is common for auto industry in India. Supply | Some amount of excess capacity.while India would be capable of producing 5. 4 m cars a year by 2014, domestic demand is likely to edge up to between 3. 5 and 4. 8 m units. | Demand | Largely cyclical in nature and dependent upon economic growth and per capita income. Seasonality is also a vital factor. | Barriers to entry | High capital costs, technology, distribution network, and availability of auto components. | Bargaining power of suppliers | Low, due to stiff competition. | Bargaining power of customers | Very high, due to availability of options. | Competition | High. Expected to increase even further. | Now if we make the five-force model for two wheelers:

Hypothesis Teenagers Pregnancy Health Essays

Hypothesis Teenagers Pregnancy Health Essays Nowadays we have serious problems about the teenagers pregnancy and the abortion. People do not take serious about having sex before marriage. It is now became a way to developing relationship each other. Teenagers pregnancy is not that serious problem. The abortion is most an important matter in this situation. The abortion is a murder. It is killing their baby. I want to talk about the pregnancy and the abortion in the world. Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo. Its means that fetus is killed. Abortion gives harmful facts to humans body. If someone wants to do abortion because of their fine life, they killed their baby and themselves. Abortion has various methods. The baby removes for the use of sharpened tools, physical trauma, and other traditional methods. It also has a history for the methods. Many countries have a various way to doing an abortion. In many parts of the world there is prominent and divisive public controversy over the ethical and legal issues of abortion. There are many types of abortion methods. This graph is showing us about the way to remove fetus in various time. The contraception also has a time slots. The medicine called Nolevo is most powerful method for non-surgical. If women take this medicine after having sex, the chemicals from medicine kill sperm and prevent adapting between sperm and ovum. But that is only possible in 72hours. The time before 24hours is most successful duration for the preventing. In the case of failure of medical abortion, vacuum or manual aspiration is used to finalizing the surgical abortion. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Abortionmethods.png/350px-Abortionmethods.png a0101451_49700a68ec887.jpg Surgical method is the most safety way to remove the fetus. They do not put anything on to the uterus. They suctioning in to the uterus and cut off the baby. The baby thrown out from the womb is killed or forced to dead. This is a picture of the baby came out from the womb. This baby cannot see the world and cannot breath and does not have name. it just killed by their parents. In the first 12 weeks, suction-aspiration or vacuum abortion is the most common method for the abortion. Manual Vacuum aspiration (MVA) abortion consists of removing the fetus or embryo. Sooner abortion gives reliable result. Manual Vacuum Aspiration also known as mini-suction and menstrual extraction can be used in early pregnancy. From the 15th week until 26th, Dilation and Evacuation is used. It consists of opening the cervix of the uterus and emptying it using surgical instruments and suction. Dilation and curettage is the second most common method of abortion. It examines of the uterine lining for the possible malignancy, investigation of abnormal bleeding and abortion. Curettage is cleaning the walls of the uterus with a curette. The World Health Organization recommends this procedure (also called sharp curettage) only when Manual Vacuum Aspiration is not available. There are some other techniques of abortion in the second trimester. Premature delivery can be induced with prostaglandin. This can be coupled with injecting the amniotic fluid with hypertonic solutions containing saline or urea. After the 16th week of gestation abortions can be induced by intact dilation and extraction which requires surgical decompression of the fetus head before evacuation. A hysterectomy abortion is a procedure similar to a caesarean section. It is performed under general anesthesia. It requires a smaller incision than a caesarean section and is used during later stages of pregnancy. From the 20th to 23rd week of gestation, an injection the fetal heart is used as the first phase of the surgical abortion. It is make sure of the fetus is not born alive. An herbal abortion is one another methods in the world. It is safe and effectual methods to women. Herb is plant and it has strong flavour and health things on it. There are many effective herbs for abortion. Parsley, black cohosh and pennyroyal are common useful herbs for abortion. Parsley is generally considered to be both safe and effective. But it is limited if a blast cyst has implanted in the lining of the womb. It is unlikely that herbal abortions with parsley are effective when more than a few days have passed since implantation. Parsley oil is nominally effective in this capacity, but it is also considered to be immensely dangerous. It can cause severe inflammation throughout the body. Many countries know that black cohosh can be extremely effective in treating many disorders of the female reproductive system. And it is also used in the traditionally uses. Many people believe that it is a safe home abortion method. Pennyroyal is the herb most widely known for its abortifacient properties. While there are a few rare herbalists and naturopathic gynecologists who recommend its use pennyroyal is generally considered to be very unsafe owing to its ability to cause acute and terminal liver failure. There have been several case reports of deaths in women who used pennyroyal to induce abortion. It is likely that other incidents have gone unreported. Pennyroyal will cause even more serious complications than other abortfacient. While all herbal abortion methods and pharmaceutical abortion pills can cause death if the pregnancy has implanted outside of the uterus. The legislation about the abortion is become a serious matter in this time. People do not care about the abortion and they do not want have a baby. If they get a baby they thought it is just a miracle and their fault. Then they decided abortion too easily. Even women suffered rape; they decided to kill the baby. My opinion is that if women have a baby of raping. The government and all the care line must allow doing an abortion. Because that baby is not their loved and they do not want to get that baby from strangers. If government does not allow that then, they have to take the baby to others or give her money to care that baby. Abortion is illegal against the Bible. The Bible said that the baby is same if it is born or none born. It is a creature from God. International status of abortion law http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AbortionLawsMap-NoLegend.png/350px-AbortionLawsMap-NoLegend.png   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal on request   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal for rape, maternal life, health, mental health, socioeconomic factors, and/or fetal defects   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal for or illegal with exception for rape, maternal life, health, fetal defects, and/or mental health   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Illegal with exception for rape, maternal life, health, and/or mental health   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Illegal with exception for maternal life, health, and/or mental health   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Illegal with no exceptions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Varies by region   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No information This is the law about the abortion around the world wide. # 1    Russia: 2,766,360   # 2    United States: 1,210,880   # 3    India: 596,345   # 4    Japan: 343,024   # 5    France: 161,129   # 6    Italy: 134,137   # 7    Germany: 97,936   # 8    Bulgaria: 97,023   # 9    Cuba: 83,963   # 10    Hungary: 76,957   # 11    Canada: 70,549   # 12    Sweden: 37,489   # 13    Israel: 15,509   # 14    Norway: 13,672   # 15    New Zealand: 11,173   # 16    Finland: 9,884   # 17    Greece: 1,216   # 18    Iceland: 807   # 19    Poland: 559   Total: 5,728,612  Ã‚   Weighted average: 301,505.9  Ã‚   This is the graph of the abortion ranking. Before the 19th century, most US states had no specific abortion laws. Women were able to end a pregnancy prior to viability with the assistance of medical personnel. Abortion is one of the most visible, controversial, and legally active areas in the field of medicine. These laws have a variety of controversial questions; The issue of parental notification. A number of state laws do require that some minors notify parents before obtaining an abortion, but what provisions are necessary to protect young women who feel they cannot notify their parents? Should spouses be notified before a woman has an abortion? Has the pregnancy progressed far enough that the foetus could live on its own before termination (termed viability)? Should there be mandatory waiting periods before an abortion can take place? What might be mandatory wording for counseling sessions or consent forms? Should public funds be used for abortions? What regulations if any should apply to abortion providers? What provisions might be made against specific abortion techniques? Should emergency contraception be allowed? Should the rules be different in cases of sexual assault and rape? Approximately 25% of the world population lives in countries with highly restrictive abortion laws. It has mostly in Latin America, Africa and Asia. These are the countries where abortion is most restricted according to the law. In some countries, such as in Chili, women still go to prison for having an illegal abortion. Women can chose one, either abortion or having a baby. This selection is most difficult in her life. Because both options will gives her pain. Most states allow a grace period of around six months after the child is born. This grace period permits the birth mother to change her mind about placing the child for adoption. They want to become a parent; they must change their mind before. If they care their child with curious way, that child will get a hurt. It means it is not different when they kill this baby. If they do not want to get a baby then abort it and they decide to have a baby then get the baby and care this baby as like as your real baby. People against abortion argue that parents need to be informed about and approve an abortion for a daughter younger than 18 years.  Those supporting the rights of a woman to choose abortion said that the parental consent is not required for a woman to carry a pregnancy to term. If or not do parents need to give permission for a woman seeking birth control such as pills or an intrauterine device. Parents are also not consulted when a woman seeks treatment for a sexually transmitted disease. Research shows that many young women younger than 18 years  do involve their parents in their decision to abort (45%). Laws requiring parental consent are forcing minors to obtain abortions much later in their pregnancies. Some minors must travel great distances to states with no such law. The highest teenagers pregnancy rate is United States. It has an amount of 494,357 births  from the teenagers. The statics of abortion are researched as; In the United States: In 2003, about 16 women for every 1,000 women aged 15-44 years had an abortion, and for every 1,000 live births, about 241 abortions were performed, according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. In the past 20 years, considerable progress has been made in the technology used for second-trimester abortion. This and the social issues surrounding abortion have led to more women seeking terminations later in pregnancy. Safety: Legal abortion is a safe procedure. Infection rates are less than one percent and fewer than 1 in 100,000 deaths occurs from first-trimester abortions. Abortion is safer for the mother than carrying a pregnancy to term. Medical and surgical abortions are both safe and effective when performed by trained practitioners. Race: Most women seeking abortion are white (53%) 36% are black, 8% are of another race, and 3% are of unknown race. Age: Abortion rates are highest among 20- to 24-year-old women. Rates are lowest among women younger than 20 or older than 40 years but these women are far more likely to have an abortion if they become pregnant. In other world: Abortion causes at least 13% of all deaths among pregnant women. New estimates are that 50 million abortions are performed worldwide each year, with 30 million of them in developing countries. Approximately 20 million of these are performed unsafely because of conditions or lack of provider training. WORLDWIDE Number of abortions per year = 42 Million Number of abortions per day = 115,000 83% of all abortions are obtained in developing countries and 17% occur in developed countries. It means that developing countries has a highest birth rate. Developed countries people can abort their baby but it is not possibly to do of developing countries people. That is why Africa and Eastern Asia has many birth and death rate. Children will die before an age of 1~2. As with many developing countries the rate of teenage pregnancy in South Africa is high. Most people argue that this is a substantial problem for the country. It is an expression of a failure to help young girls deal with sexuality. This failure leads to not only pregnancies and abortions but also to STDs and HIV and AIDS. Women get an AIDS from sexual relationship and her baby also get an AIDS from birth. There are many factors behind teenage pregnancy in South Africa. Often adequate knowledge of contraception is lacking due to negative attitudes regarding sexual activity before marriage. Young girls are not educated about contraceptive use because many believe around that. They must wait until they are married to have sex anyway. Teenage pregnancy in South Africa is mainly a problem among women who live in rural. South Africas urban female adolescents are also at a high risk of finding themselves pregnant at an early age. These urban girls have become addicted to drugs, alcohol, and expensive lifestyles. It is to ensure that they have the money for their desires. They sadly stumble onto the path of prostitution and often become pregnant and drop out of school. Unfortunately, there are a number of myths the most prominent being that sleeping with a virgin will cure HIV-AIDS that actually promote the rape of young women. In many cases these victims are left pregnant. Education regarding these myths and other issues relating to teenage pregnancy in South Africa are believed to be fundamental in dealing with the problem of adolescent pregnancy. Many education programs, however, are controversial, as is the practice of forcing a young girl who is visibly pregnant to drop out of school furthermore; a consensus has not been reached as to what degree tradition should play in educating young girls. One controversial practice that may be impacting teenage pregnancy in South Africa is that of virginity testing in rural KwaZulu-Natal, where girls on average between the ages of 7 and 26 allow a stranger to check if their hymens are intact. The girls are overjoyed when the test confirms they are virgins. People supporting this practice say that it is an effective tool in stopping the spread of teenage pregnancies and HIV, while opponents claim that the practice is unconstitutional, unhygienic and a violation of human rights. Advocates of the practice also agree that virginity testing is unhygienic at the moment, as the tester touches up to 600 girls a day, often with bare hands and without washing hands between girls; however, advocates claim that if the government supported the practice, there would be funding to purchase gloves, food, and areas where girls could be tested in private. Furthermore, many supporters of the practice argue that in a country where rape of young girls is prevalent, virginity testing is proving to be a useful method of uncovering sexual abuse on young girls who fear speaking out about it. PREGNANCY, CONTRACEPTION, ABORTION Marie Stops Clinics Has 30 day clinics and 10 micro clinics around the country offering safe abortions, family planning services including birth control, pregnancy tests, male and female sterilization, HIV testing and ante-natal services. Fees charged according to clients income bracket. Toll free: 0800 11 77 85 National: (011) 838 3271 http://www.mariestopes.org.za/home.aspx This is a service that about cares of abortion. Teenagers pregnancy is too much difficult to care it. In school there must have a support system. People do not want to their children gets pregnancy before marriage. But that can be happened in this stage. A sexual relationship is became a ways of love and developing their relationship. If one of the students in the school gets a baby, what can school do to that girl? That girl does not want to attend a school and will get an afraid against meet all her friends. Then the school must help her to get rid of everything on her mind. Tell all the students that take care of her like before. The school must have; Student help-line(far away from the class) School mini-hospital Psychologist office Pharmacy Bed room These various things give more comfortable to the pregnancy students. There are a lot of abortifacient facts in the world. The Pill Progesterone only, low dose combination pills Progesterone hormonal contraceptives have three mechanisms of actions Prevent ovulation Thicken the cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus and fallopian tube Alter the lining of the uterus so implantation cannot take place. If third action is occurs, the abortion is work. It means that a human cannot continue to develop without the nourishment from the mothers uterine wall. It is important to educate ourselves and our clients about this potential action of the Pill. Those who seek to protect the sanctity of human life from the point of fertilization should be cautious about taking any drug which could end the developing childs life. Norplant This implant is placed under the skin of the arm for up to a 5 year period. The progesterone hormones effect is to suppress ovulation. But after 2 years there is a greater chance of break-through ovulation and fertilization. The hormone may prevent implantation of the embryo. They break up of connection with womans fertilisation. Depo-Provera This Progesterone hormone derivative is injected every 3 months to prevent a woman from ovulating. But it also alters the uterine lining. Break-through ovulation and fertilization will be occurs. The hormone may prevent implantation of the embryo. Then the foetus cannot get the place to live. Morning after pill This medication has an anticipatory effect on the endometrial. That is a hardening of the lining of the uterus. It prevents implantation of the tiny new human being (blast cyst stage). For example, a rape victim had ovulated just before the assault and fertilization had occurred, then the use of such medication after the event would clearly be abortive. There is a possibility that can act in a sterilizing fashion. The large hormone could rapidly affect in the ovary and prevent an ovulation that going to occurred one to three days after the intercourse. If sperm were still present and active in the womans genital tract, she might have been fertilized one to three days after the event. In this case some have suggested that such treatment might actually prevent a pregnancy. There is no way of knowing if she was fertilized at all. If it is so, which effect the medicine had. RU-486 When a woman takes RU-486, it kills her baby by interfering with progesterone. The hormone which keeps the baby implanted in the wall of the mothers uterus. Two days later, the woman returns to the clinic to receive a prostaglandin drug which induces labour and expels the dead embryo RU-486 is used until 7 weeks after the first day of her last menstrual period. If the baby hasnt been expelled by the time the woman makes her third visit to the doctor, she will require a surgical abortion procedure. Raymond, Klein and Dumble are the pro-abortion authors of RU486 Misconceptions. It stress that RU-486 is not safe for women and list the following contraindications. A person should not take RU-486 under age 18 or over 35 menstrual irregularities history of fibroids abnormal menstrual bleeding or endometriosis cervical incompetence previous abortion or abnormal pregnancies pelvic inflammatory disease recent use of IUD or the pill 3 months Methotrexate Misoprostol Two drugs that were developed for cancer and ulcer treatment are now being used in combination to kill babies. Methotrexate is used to poison the baby and then Misoprostol empties the uterus of the baby. Keep in mind that Methotrexate is a chemotherapy drug with the potential for serious toxicity. It can result in the death of the mother as well as the baby. Aftercare Aftercare is more an important things for the lady who did take abortion. Either surgical or medical abortion gives very harmful effects on humans body. They have to know clearly about that and before they going out from the hospital. You may ask the questions to the doctors. I researched about the aftercare of surgical abortion. Most of them are also possibly to a medical abortion as well. On taking care of yourself Basic things Drink lots of fluids Stay off work for a few days if you can Take vitamins, eat healthy food, and try to sleep Take the antibiotics prescribed by your doctor right away and for the full amount of days prescribed! No exercise for two weeks No swimming or tub baths for 2 weeks Dont lift anything over 15 pounds for two weeks, dont use anything vaginally for 2-4 weeks no sex, no tampons, no douches. You can ovulate as soon as two weeks after an abortion, which means yes, you could get pregnant again within two weeks after an abortion! After the 2-4 weeks is over, you should not have sex again unless you feel physically recovered, and have discussed with your partner what you want to do if an unplanned pregnancy occurs again. Do not let yourself be pressured into having sex again before you are physically and emotionally ready. You can get pregnant as soon as two weeks after an abortion. Your body normally will go back to its regular cycle. So once you decide you are ready to resume sexual intercourse again, make sure you are using birth control right away. As many of us know birth control is not 100% effective. It is very important that you dont have sex again until you are healed physically and emotionally and you have a clear consensus on what will happen if you become unexpectedly pregnant again. For women who had an abortion for maternal health reasons or for a poor prenatal diagnosis. Consult your doctor about birth control and future pregnancies. If you were 9 or more weeks along in the pregnancy. It is possible that you may have trouble with milk or a milky fluid leaking from your breasts after the abortion. This can be upsetting, but it wont last for long. Its a normal effect of the hormones that your body releases when you are no longer pregnant. These hormones make your body start to produce milk. Whenever a pregnancy is ended. Your breasts may feel sore, tight, swollen, and will leak out droplets of clear to whitish fluid. At times the milk may let down, and a substantial amount of liquid may come out. Wear a well-fitting/snug bra and try to avoiding stimulation of your breasts or nipples. Wear the bra 24 hours a day until your milk dries up. It can take one to four weeks for the milk to dry up. It will not be as painful as it originally feels when the milk first comes in as the milk is not used the pressure on the milk ducts will cause the milk to dry up. Keep wearing that snug-fitting bra, and take Tylenol for the sor eness, and this will subside. If you develop a fever, or extreme tenderness in either of your breasts, consult a doctor there is also a condition where your milk glands can get infected and this will need to be treated with antibiotics. Visit the Recent Abortion Support Board or to the Medical Questions Problems. In the Weeks time after abortion The pregnancy hormones that your body generates to keep you pregnant start to dissipate after the pregnancy has been terminated. Depending on how far along in the pregnancy you were and how sensitive you are to hormones. You may have pregnancy hormones still in your body for up to a year after an abortion. For the first 2-4 weeks time after abortion. Your hormones will make you feel like you are on an emotional rollercoaster ride. You need to do; Cry at the drop of a hat, and for no reason Still have problems with nausea Still have problems with tiredness and weakness May still feel slightly pregnant and swollen May still test weakly positive on a pregnancy test May feel extremely depressed May have no appetite, and no desire for food May have trouble sleeping, or concentrating,p> After the first month the pregnancy hormones are still there and they are slowly leaving your body. It can take from 6-24 months after an interrupted pregnancy before your body and hormonal systems feel completely back to normal again. This means that; Your period may come at a different time each month, even if it was regular like clockwork before. It may come in 25 days, then not come for 35 days, and may be different every month, and may be completely different from your normal period. The length of your period (amount of days during which you bleed) may vary from month to month The amount of bleeding and the amount of cramping you have may vary from a little to a lot. It may be different every month. It may be completely different from your normal period. You may feel signs of pregnancy again each month before your period starts. Which could include of swollen and tender breasts, nausea, tiredness, cravings for foods, fullness in the uterine area, frequent urination, back pain and stronger than usual PMS. Your cervix may feel tender and sex may be difficult or painful All of these above symptoms and occurrences have been reported again and again by women visiting this site. However if you are having sex, it is also possible for you to become pregnant again, and technically you can get pregnant again within two weeks after an abortion, you can also get pregnant while you are having your period. So be very careful, use lots of birth control, and we know that even birth control is not 100% effective. I recommend having alternative forms of sex when possible. If your partner is loved and understanding, he should be able to work with you while you recover, and find alternate ways to enjoy each other, without slowing your physical recovery, and allowing you the chance for closeness without doing things your body is not ready for. Like this, aftercare of the abortion is very important. You can get a baby in 2 weeks time if you having sex after that time. You have to have keep your body relaxes. 2 weeks time is most important period to who have abortion. They have to do the checklist about the careless. If they avoid to doing a check, they will get a serious problems after that time. It also gives a disease. Postabortal Hematometra is severe cramping. It discomforts due to the collection of blood in the uterus that can occur following evacuation of the uterus. This kind of disease causes that the cervical becomes blocked. The uterus fills with clots and continues to bleed. The uterus cannot contract. You have to go to hospital if you get these various strange things. It is sign for the Postabortal Hematometra. The signs are consists of a severe cramping, Sweating, Lightheadedness, Nausea Vomiting and diarrhea. You can immediately treats using prompt reevaluation of the uterus produces rapid relief of symptoms. Aspiration will yield blood and clots. There is rarely any remaining pregnancy tissue. It should be ensured that the uterus is completely evacuated. Most abortions are safe and uncomplicated. Most women do not have physical problems afterwards. But some surgical procedure has risks. There are possible serious complications. If someone do not feel well or are worried that something might be wrong. You can call a doctor or your local ER. Dont worry about being embarrassed or ashamed about that youve had an abortion. Calling and telling what is going on with you. Some women are extremely sensitive to pregnancy hormones. This can cause depression to her. Doctor must check about that and give her a prescription. If you are still have trouble with depression after 2 months of abortion. You should seek out treatment from a doctor. The same hormones that cause PPD and PMDD are the ones active in your system after an abortion. It can cause severe depression if your system is sensitive to these hormones. Prevent abortion How to prevent abortion? It is a rhetorical question to all of you. Preventing abortion is impossible at that stage, but we can prevent it beforehand. Prevent pregnancy is the only way to prevent all the failure. Abortion is like an AIDS. It also increases the birth and death rate. AIDS is a disease but abortion is murder. I would like to share with the various methods for preventing pregnancy. 244-180-127.jpg There are many ways to prevent. The pill is both before having sexual relationship and after having sex. After pill is an emergency contraception like Nolevo. It must be taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex in order to prevent an unplanned pregnancy. A woman must take 1 Norlevo and a second pill 12 to 24 hours later. Beside Norlevo, most combination birth control pills can also be used. Take within 72 hours of unprotected sex. One dose 100  µg ethinylestradiol + 500  µg levonorgestrel (2-4 birth control pills), 12 hours later a second dose. For the women, there are many things to prevent. I researched it and it has; DIAPHRAGM is a rubber disk with a flexible rim that covers the cervix and must be used together with spermicidal. It is available by prescription only and must be sized by a health professional. The diaphragm protects for six hours and should be left in place for at least six hours after the last intercourse but not for longer than a total of 24 hours. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES protect against pregnancy by the combined actions of the hormones estrogens and progestin. The hormones prevent ovulation. The pills have to be taken every day as directed and do not work after vomiting or diarrhoea. Side effects of the pill can be nausea, headache, breast tenderness, weight gain, irregular bleeding, and depression. DEPO-PROVERA is a hormonal contraceptive injected into a muscle on the arm or buttock every three months. The injection must be repeated every 3 months. The menstruation can become irregular and sometimes even absent. IMPLANTS (such as Norplant or implanon) are made up of small rubber rods, which are surgically implanted under the skin of th

Myths in Tom Robbins’s Another Roadside Attraction :: Another Roadside Attraction

Questioning Myths in Tom Robbins’s Another Roadside Attraction Tom Robbins’s controversial first novel, Another Roadside Attraction, epitomizes the declination of religious devotion, especially Catholicism, in America during the 1960s. Influences on Robbins while conceiving this novel include the early history of Christianity, eastern religion, and author Joseph Campbell. Campbell is famous for his massive and detailed comparisons of Western and Eastern spirituality, myth, and belief. Additionally, the experimentation with psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin mushrooms led Robbins to new perspectives and mind expansion and consequently to question the validity of Christianity and the divinity of Jesus Christ. Robbins was intrigued by the extent to which Western Civilization—from its cultural myths to individual behavior—was predicted on the divinity of Christ. He wanted to explore questions and possible answers about what would happen if American Christians learned conclusively that Christ was not divine; questions s uch as, "What would this say about Western Civilization, about the future of Western Civilization? Could we continue to lead moral and ethical lives if Christ was proved to have died and stayed dead?" (Whitmer 245). This premise, conceived while writing art reviews for the Seattle Times, led Robbins to speculate about the consequences of world religion if the corpse of Jesus Christ was unearthed. When he approached Luther Nichols, west coast editor of Doubleday Books in 1968 with the concept for Another Roadside Attraction, Nichols bought the idea and Robbins was off and running on his first piece of fiction (Hoyser 9-12). While Robbins’s work was at first ill received, by the mid-1970s the public had started to warm up to this quirky and thought provoking writer. Even today, his work invites inquiry about what prompted him to write this controversial novel. That is, who and what influenced this line of thought? What was happening in America and with Christianity during the period, in which he wrote and researched this piece of fiction? And, finally, why did he write in this sporadic, nonlinear fashion, inserting seemingly non-related details and encrypting an official report within the structure of a novel? And how does this relate to the influences mentioned above? All of these questions and more offer themselves up from the pages of this funny and whimsical, yet philosophical and wise novel, Another Roadside Attraction. Robbins began penning his first novel in 1968 while working for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Before that he held many journalistic jobs and had a varied and colorful education.

Classroom Discipline and Management Philosophy Essay -- Classroom Manag

The goal in our classroom is to teach self-discipline, responsibility, cooperation, and problem-solving skills. Common causes of misbehavior include an attempt to meet unmet needs (belonging, significance, fun); a lack of needed skills (social and academic); inappropriate expectations; lack of structure; and a lack of sense of relevance. We will be focusing on non-punitive solutions to problems based on kindness, firmness, dignity and respect. True discipline comes from an internal locus of control (self-discipline), not an external locus of control (punishments and rewards inflicted by someone else). Some of the strategies used in our classroom will be proactive and some will be reactive. Many proactive strategies will be in place so that the use of reactive strategies is limited. These strategies include, but are not limited to: . Classroom Organization- Typically a Proactive Strategy although can be reevaluated as a Reactive Strategy- Classroom is thoughtfully designed to welcome all children, value everyone’s ideas and work, support active and engaged learning, support diverse developmental levels and learning styles, fosters independence, responsibility and cooperation, cultivates the care of materials and equipment, and gives students some choices in the learning process . Reinforcing teacher language- Proactive Strategy- Based on the idea of noticing what students are doing that we want them to keep doing; Names concrete or specific behaviors; Reflects important goals and values . Reminding teacher language- Proactive and/or Reactive Strategy- Reflects clearly established expectations; May be a question or a statement; Is brief and direct; is used when both the teacher and th... ... be sent to a â€Å"buddy room† to allow them a new environment to regain composure within) . Referral to Director, Assistant Director, or School Counselor- Reactive Strategy- Referrals to individuals outside of our classroom occur occasionally when o A Student’s behavior prohibits the class from moving forward in a productive way o If something occurs that the teacher believes needs immediate attention that cannot be given by the teacher at that moment o Others are perceived to be in danger References Nelsen, Jane. Positive Discipline. New York: Ballantine Books, 2006. Nelsen, Jane, Lynn Lott, and H. Stephen Glenn. Positive Discipline in the Classroom, 3rd ed. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000. Responsive Classroom, Level II Resource Book. Turner Falls, M.A.: Northeast Foundation For Children, Inc., 2008.

Zero Emissions Technology :: essays papers

Zero Emissions Technology Zero Emissions Technology: Current Technologies and Future Developments in Electrostatic Precipitators  Abstract Zero Emissions Technology is a company located in New Durham, NH. They develop new technologies targeted at coal fired power plants. They have recently developed a new air emissions technology that will meet current and pending air pollution regulations. Their product, Electro-Catalytic Oxidation Technology, allow the combined removal of particulates in the air waste stream. The new technology can be retrofitted onto existing electrostatic precipitators (ESP), according to the industry, is not as expensive as other air pollution control technologies. The Electro-Catalytic Oxidation Technology also has many technological advantages to more conventional ESPs.  Zero Emissions Technology (ZET) is a company who develops new technologies in air pollution control technologies to meet the demands of new regulations on air emissions. In the past, their focus has been on air pollution control technology for large stationary sources, such as coal fired power plants. In the future, their research will be to discover new technologies not only for air pollution, but also in water and solid waste. (ZET, 1999). Zero Emissions Technology has developed a new technology that focuses on the combined removal of particulates for coal fired power plants. Electro-Catalytic Oxidation Technology is a product by Zero Emissions Technology (ZET). This new technology that ZET is has developed will enable the combined removal of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), mercury (Hg), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from the flue gas of coal fired power plants. This new technology will collect at least 70% of NOx, 50% of SO2, 70% of mercury (Hg), and 90% of PM2.5 in a single unit that can be retrofitted into the last fields of existing electrostatic precipitators (ESP) (ZET, 1999). This will allow coal fired plants to meet new air emission requirements with minimal impact on their generating costs. It can be retrofitted into the last fields of existing ESP. Electo-Catalytic Oxidatin Technology uses a proprietary gas discharge technology to convert NOx and SO2 to acid mists, and to oxidize elemental mercury. It also uses advances in wet ESP technology to remove acid mists and other fine particles without saturating flue gas. The Electr o-Catalytic Oxidation system consists of three sections: gas converter, condensing wet ESP, and acid recovery (ZET, 1999). The Gas Converter is used for the electrical oxidation of NOx, SO2 and Hg. As the flue gas enters the Gas Converter, it is exposed to a high voltage discharge which creates ionized species to oxidize pollutants.

Drama Translation Essay

However, the mission of a translator of a dramatic work is slightly different from any other literary piece. A dramatic text is written in order to be performed on stage. The translator of such a text has therefore to bear in mind that the readers (i. e. the audience in this case) shall not only follow the written form of the script but also and primarily its spoken version. This fact influences the work of a translator to a great extent. He has to chose words that are easily pronounceable by actors and comprehensible to the audience. At the same time he ought to aspire to maintain the meaning and form of the original as much as possible so that the translation represents the goal and effort of the original author. Each translator aims at a maximal realistic authenticity, including both the inner (author’s and director’s notes) and outer language of the drama. â€Å"Translation, the surmounting of the obstacle, is made possible by an equivalence of thought which lies behind the different verbal expressions of a thought. No doubt this equivalence is traceable to the fact that men of all nations belong to the same species. When an Englishman is thinking of the woman whom he describes as ‘my mother’, a Frenchman is thinking of ma mere and a German of meine Mutter. Among normal people the three thoughts will be very similar and will recall the same memories of tenderness, loving care and maternal pride. In consequence ‘my mother’ can be perfectly translated by ma mere or meine Mutter. † (Savory 1957, p. 11) Savory (Savory 1957, p. 49) furthermore states twelve rules of a proper translation: 1. A translation must give the words of the original 3. A translation should read like an original work. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. A translation must give the ideas of the original. A translation should read like a translation. A translation should reflect the style of the original. A translation should possess the style of the translator. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator. A translation may add to or omit from the original. A translation may never add to or omit from the original. A translation of verse should be in prose. 13 12. A translation of verse should be in verse. There is a close relationship between the author and the translator of a literary work. Both of them have their own style of writing and expressing their thoughts. Nevertheless, the translator shall always be subordinate to the author whose text is considered the base of a dramatic text and its further stage production. â€Å"A translation may include any of the idiomatic expressions which are peculiar to its language and which the translator sees fit to adopt; but it needs not, because of this, possess the style which the reader may expect. Style is the essential characteristic of every piece of writing, the outcome of the writer’s personality and his emotions at the moment, and no single paragraph can be put together without revealing in some degree the nature of its author. But what is true of the author is true also of the translator. The author’s style, natural or adopted, determines his choice of a word, and, as has been seen, the translator is often compelled to make a choice between alternatives. The choice he makes cannot be reflect, though dimly, his own style. What does the reader expect; what does the critic demand? One of the reasons for a preference for a literal translation is that it is likely to come nearer to the style of the original. It ought to be more accurate; and any copy, whether of a picture or a poem, is likely to be judged by its accuracy. Yet it is a fact in making the attempt to reproduce the effect of the original, too literal a rendering is a mistake, and it may be necessary to alter even the construction of the author’s sentences in order to transfer their effects to another tongue. † (Savory 1957, p. 54) 3. 1 THE INTENTION OF THE TRANSLATOR The sense of purpose of translator’s work is to maintain, depict and impart the  original text; not to create a new piece of work that has no precursor. Translation aims to reproduce. The art of translation is founded on replacement of one piece of language material by another and thus on an independent creation of all artistic means proceeding from the language. â€Å"Translation as a work is an artistic reproduction, translation as a process is an original creation, translation as a type of art is a case on the boundary of art of reproduction and originally creative art. † (Levy 1963, p. 49) In the development of the art of reproduction two norms have been applied according to Levy (Levy 1963, p.52): the norm of reproduction (i. e. requirement on authenticity and accurateness) and the norm of â€Å"art† (requirement on beauty). This basic aesthetic contrast proves contrapositive to translational authenticity and freedom. The authentic 14 method (i. e. the literal) represents a procedure of work of such translators who aspire to reproduce the original precisely, whereas the free method (adaptative) aims at beauty, i. e. the aesthetics and thought proximity to the reader, and creation of an original work in a target native language. For a realistic translation both  norms are necessary: the translation has to be as exact reproduction of the original as possible but above all it should be a valuable literary piece of work. Newmark depicts the intention of a translator as follows: â€Å"Usually, the translator’s intention is identical with that of the author of the source language text. But he may be translating an advertisement, a notice, or a set of instructions to show his client how such matters are formulated and written in the source language, rather than how to adapt them in order to persuade or instruct a new target language readership. And again, he may be translating a manual of instructions for a less educated readership, so that the explanation in his translation may be much larger than the ‘reproduction. ’† (Newmark 1988, p. 12) The translator is supposed to be creative although his creativity is limited by the field of language. He can enlarge his native literature by creating new expressions (neologisms) or by incorporating foreign expressions into the native background (exotic expressions). Borrowing foreign language means or creating Czech equivalents is not only restricted to the lexical units but also to the stylistic values. Levy (Levy 1963, p. 69) mentions blank verse, sonnet, ghazal, haiku, and blues in this context. 3. 2 THE TRANSLATION OF A DRAMATIC TEXT The translator of a dramatic text has to respect the speciality of a spoken word. Dialogues do not narrate and depict actions or situations as in prose but they form them. They do not narrate how people meet and make relationships but perform the people acting and communicating with each other. The structure of a sentence of a dialogue is simple as could be, the sentences are usually paratactically connected, often without conjunctions. Many unfinished sentences and ellipsis may appear. So-called contact words are very important as well. Various modal particles and expressions that might have multifarious context meanings are characteristic of language of a dialogue. In this case dictionaries shall not be that useful for the translator for the language of drama is very specific and often peculiar. 15 In the frame of the artistic translation we further distinguish translations of poetry, prose and drama, which corresponds to the traditional division of artistic genres  into lyric, epic and dramatic genres. What is the quintessence of a dramatic text? Prose narrates events but drama transfers them via speech. Generally, the entire content has to be transposed into dialogues (monologues, polylogues), being accompanied by facial gestures, gesticulation, stagy space and props. The language requirements are higher here than in prose: the direct speech that essentially addresses the spectator has to be able to express – even though indicatively – far more than a dialogue of a novel. Except for the function of characterization of the protagonists the direct speech substitutes the other items of prosaic text (narrating the past, author’s reflexion, lyric digression etc. ), and at the same time it should sound naturally, for it is intended for a direct audio-visual impact. Kufnerova and Skoumalova (Kufnerova, Skoumalova 1994, p. 140) mention two kinds of a dramatic translation: 1 A piece of drama is translated as a literary text, and is originally intended more or less to be published for readers. That would be the case of most of the classical texts from Ancient times till 19th and 20th century. The translator proceeds from the original text and attempts to keep the most of its specificity. He is the only responsible and independent creator of the target text. The translator forms the final version of the translation regardless of the potential stage realization. 2 The director asks the translator for translation of a particular play for the setting with original and sophisticated poetics. The target text is exclusively written in cooperation with the particular theatre company. The original text is not that important any more, production features and a complete director intention predominate. The directors and often the actors themselves consider the text (and often even the original work) a kind of half- ready text, which they adapt during rehearsing the play, not always with a positive result. They create a dramatic text, transform the drama situations and adapt the language. Newmark comes with another theory of translating a dramatic work. According to him, the main purpose of translating a play is to have it performed successfully. 16  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Therefore a translator of drama inevitably has to bear the potential spectator in mind though, here again, the better written and more significant the text, the fewer compromises he can make in favour of the reader. Further, he works under certain constraints: unlike the translator of fiction, he cannot gloss, explain puns or ambiguities or cultural references, not transcribe words for the sake of local colour: his text is dramatic, with emphasis on verbs, rather than descriptive and explanatory. Michael Meyer, in a little noticed article in Twentieth Century Studies , quoting T.Rattigan, states that the spoken word is five times as potent as the written word – what a novelist would say in 30 lines, the playwright must say in five. The arithmetic is faulty and so, I believe, is the sentiment, but it shows that a translation of a play must be concise – it must not be an over-translation. † (Newmark 1988, p. 172) Newmark furthermore mentions Meyer who makes a distinction between dramatic text and sub-text, the literal meaning and the ‘real point’: i. e. what is implied but not said, the meaning between the lines. Meyer believes that if a person is questioned on a subject about which he has complex feelings, he will reply evasively (and in a circumlocutory manner). Ibsen’s characters say one thing and mean another. The translator must word the sentences in such a way that this, the sub-text, is equally clear in English. Normally one would expect a semantic translation of a line, which may be close to a literal translation, to reveal its implications more clearly than a communicative translation, that simply makes the dialogue easy to speak. Whilst a great play must be translated for the reading public’s enjoyment and for scholarly study as well as for performance on stage, the translator should always assume the latter as his main purpose – there should be no difference between an acting and a reading version – and he should look after readers and scholars only in his notes. Nevertheless, he should where possible amplify cultural metaphors, allusions, proper names, in the text itself, rather than replace the allusion with the sense. When a play is transferred from the source language to the target language culture it is usually no longer a translation, but an adaptation. Newmark concludes his thought by suggesting that â€Å"some kind of accuracy must be the only criterion of a good translation in the future – what kind of accuracy depending first on the type and then the particular text that has been translated – and what the word ‘sub-text’ with its Grician implications and implicatures can be made to cover a multitude of inaccuracies. † (Newmark 1988, p. 172) Jan Ferencik (Ferencik 1982, p. 72) was one of Slovak linguistic theoreticians dealing with the field of translating, among others. He also analyses the translation of a 17 dramatic text and mentions that unlike translation of other genres the translation of drama is characterized by: 1) written character of the text and non-written form of its social realization 2) collective and multistage character of an interpretation of the original in the process of creating the final translation text, on the contrary from the other genres, where the interpretation of the translator is unique and final. 3) dissimilarity of each new social realization, especially on stage, not only in case of  various translators and stage producers but also in case of coincident text and coincident stage producers within repeated communication (Stanislavskij – theatre, emotions, improvisation, momentary psychical and biological dispositions of actors, etc. ) excluding the technique of reproduced performances such as television recording, film, sound recording, etc. A live spectator, who himself becomes one of the interpreters of the performed text, is the participant of communication during a stagy realization. 4) subordination of all the involved to the interpretation of the main concept, which  usually means a weaker creative participation of the translator in the resultant communication than while translating other pieces of text Furthermore, Ferencik mentions the chain of communication that relates author, translator, director and finally the audience of a dramatic work. â€Å"The communicative successiveness of translation of a drama, unlike another translational texts, is following: Author – Translator (Interpreter 1) – Dramatic adviser and Director (Interpreters 2) – another involved originators: Scenographer, Composer, Actor (Interpreters 3) – Spectator, Listener (Interpreter 4). This chain of communication represents the time sequence of creation of a text and its social realization. † (Ferencik 1982, p. 72) As I have already said, translator’s interpretation of a text is only a base of a scenic interpretation which is, in connection with the presentation of a play, sometimes called director-dramaturgical concept. Naturally, there are differences in the approach to a translational dramatic piece of work, depending on the kind of its scenic realization (professional theatre, amateur theatre, TV dramatization, adopted performance, film adaptation, radio play..) and on subjective characteristics of particular interpreters. I would like to conclude this sub-chapter by another feature of a dramatic work, which is a dialogue cohesion. Cohesion as one of the linguistic means is to be found in 18 most of text styles and represents a connecting feature. Newmark (Newmark 1988, p. 58) sees a mistake in neglecting the spoken language as part of a separate theory of interpretation. Translators are concerned with recordings of many kinds, particularly surveys, as well as the dialogue of drama and fiction. Moreover, cohesion is closer in  the give and take of dialogue and speech than in any other form of text. Here the main cohesive factor is the question, which may be a command, request, plea, invitation (i. e. grammatically a statement or a command or a question) and where the forms of address are determined by factors of kinship and intimacy, and, regrettably, class, sex and age. Apart from transposing the structure of the sentence (e. g. ‘Could you come? ’ might become Tu peux venir? or Bitte komm), each language has opening gambits semantically reserved for this exchange. Similarly, each language has marking words that signal a break or end of a subject, such as ‘Right’, ‘Well’, ‘Good’, ‘Fine’, ‘Now’, ‘I see’ (Ach so, Parfait, C’est vrai) and the internationalism ‘O. K. ’ Lastly, there are the tags that are used to keep a flagging conversation going: ‘isn’t it, ‘see’, ‘you know’, which require a standard response. The translator has to bear in mind the main differences between speech and dialogue: speech has virtually no punctuation (‘The sentence is virtually irrelevant in speech’: Sinclair et al. , 1975), is diffuse, and leaves  semantic gaps filled by gesture and paralingual features. As I was working on the translation of Butterflies are free, it has been especially challenging to find an adequate equivalent to various cohesive means. In English it is more natural to use such introductory cohesive links as â€Å"you know† and â€Å"I mean† whereas in Czech it sounds rather disturbing and that is why I attempted to omit or replace those by more accurate expressions of the Czech language background. 3. 3 THE TRANSLATION OF THE TITLE OF A LITERARY WORK Naturally, the title of any literary work is an essential part and that is why  translating the title represents a challenging process for the translator. We, as readers, may find out many important clues out of the title. I have been working with a dramatic text that was already translated by Ivo T. Havlu in 1972. He translated the title Butterflies are free as â€Å"Motyli†. Nevertheless, the title of this play by Leonard Gershe (1969) is based on a quotation by Charles Dickens and on a song sung by Don, one of the protagonists. Havlu leaves the song out but I attempted to 19 maintain the original version and therefore translated the song, with help of a lyricist, in  the rhymed form of Czech. We have finally translated the phrase Butterflies are free as â€Å"Motyli leti na oblohuâ€Å". Concerning the theoretical background of translating the title of a literary work, Newmark (Newmark 1988, p. 57) distinguishes between â€Å"descriptive† titles, which describe the topic of the text, and â€Å"allusive titles†, which have some kind of referential or figurative relationship to the topic. For serious imaginative literature, Newmarks thinks a descriptive title should be ‘literally’ kept (Madame Bovary could only be Madame Bovary), and an allusive title literally or where necessary, imaginatively  preserved. Kufnerova and Skoumalova (Kufnerova, Skoumalova 1994, p. 149) grant that the title, being a description, abbreviation or metaphor, is essential part of the translation. According to them every translator pays attention to the title and rarely makes a mistake there, knowing the whole piece of work. Translation of a literary title is often influenced by the period conception or fashion. In 1920’ there was an effort to naturalize the title, introduce it into the local background, especially in the field of proper names. The  influence of a cultural system of Czech language is displayed even in period habits, that is why it is sometimes necessary to adapt the syntactic structure of the title to the common native forms. Czech language prefers connections of action to nominal linkages. Differences in social mind, knowledge of life and institutions and other extralinguistic means represent a frequent reason for an adaptation of the original version of a literary work. Contemporary literary translation relatively respects the original version of the title of the work in correspondence with the principles of modern science of translation  and we can rarely encounter the shifts, alterations or changes. Literary translations occupy a better position than film works translations that often include mistakes and frequent interventions in the original version and thus substantiate the insufficient competence of young translators and their insufficient responsibility. 3. 4 THE SHIFTS OF MEANING WITHIN THE TRANSLATION OF A DRAMATIC TEXT Within the translation of any piece of text a space for shifts of meaning, stylistic, etc. develops between the source and target language. The shifts might be unconscious,  20 or intentional and conception. In the second case we speak about a renovation of a translation. The term renovation therefore does not only represent an adaptation of outdated or archaic language, but it also a conscious conception adaptation of a text in a diachronic way and an adaptation to a different cultural and social background as well as to a particular directorial interpretation. Temporal and spatial distance causes that some features of the original text stop being comprehensible in another society, they are not transmittable via common means and  that is why even the realistic translation often requires an explanation instead of a literal translation or only an indication clue. The explanation is necessary if the reader cannot understand a word, idiom etc. that was present in the original version. Levy (Levy 1963, p. 82) implies that it is not correct to explain an indication, continue and complete a pause, or to sketch in the situation that has not been intentionally made clear in the original. Usage of indication is hereafter appropriate if we cannot use a full expression because the language material has become the artistic means and thus can be preserved. Slovak linguist Popovic mentions the shifts of a translation within his theory of expression: â€Å"An elaboration of the theory of expression becomes a starting point for a systematic evaluation of shifts in the translation, forms a basis of objective classification of the differences between the original and the translation. The demand to identify in the text every stylistic means from the structural point of view helps us to estimate in theory of translation that which represents an equivalent. A system of means of expression enables us to evaluate linguistic means in the stylistic analysis in the context, i.e. not isolated, but in their relation to the system of qualities of expression. This must be assumed if we wish to undertake a theoretical investigation of conformities and differences that arise when an original work is translated. Such generalizing evaluation of means in the frame of the single categories an expression and of the qualities of expression makes it possible for us to qualify explicitly, more precisely and systematically, the shift of expression, the relation between the language of the original and that of the translation. † (Popovic 1968, p. 238) Within my translating I have encountered several shifts of meaning. As the play was written in the 1960’ it was very demanding to concentrate on renovating the language and at the same time on preserving the original features to a certain extent so that the shifts could not represent such an interference of the original (Jill, for example, is mentioning Beatles, Jimmy Hendrix and Rolling Stones as her contemporaries and I therefore could not transfer the whole script into the present time. ). 21 3. 5 THE  RENOVATION OF A TRANSLATION Every translation, not depending on the genre, gets outdated after a period of time. As the language develops, new words arise and are borrowed from other languages and it is therefore necessary to replace, renovate or adapt the original expressions. Renovation of a translation constitutes the total of the shifts – of time, place, semantics, composition etc. Depending on the extent of the shifts the final text might even lose its original character of a translation and become a text of different, new qualities. As I have already mentioned, the renovation is not a prerogative of dramatic texts only. No type of artistic translation can do without any level of renovation, especially without time-language shift. Every translation of a literary work which has not originated simultaneously with the original, which happens very often, requires a certain level of such shifts that may be called renovation. Renovation is a usual creative procedure which is not understood as a deconstruction of the semantic identity of the original. In case the translator extends the amount of shifts for a time – language reasons, such a procedure is perceived as deconstruction of subject composition and is thus called â€Å"modification†, â€Å"free translation†, â€Å"free processing†, etc. Is it conceivable to qualify the limits of renovation of a translation? Is it possible to say the extent of renovation shifts that are considered to be an acceptable translational procedure arising from a rationale concept? What are the limits of an arbitrariness of the translator and groundless deformation of a text? It is therefore necessary to approach the quality, legitimacy and artistic adequacy of each translation individually. Concerning the dramatic texts, it is essential to examine the interest of all interpreters in the final version of a text. Ferencik (Ferencik 1982, p. 79) suggests that the â€Å"artistic† time flies differently than the absolute â€Å"cosmic† time and the absolute time is not every time corresponding with the â€Å"social† time. That is why it might be useful to shift the time frame of the action forward and reach the physical time via the artistic and social time means after a  relatively short period since the composition of dramatic texts. It may also be necessary to shift the localization of the action and change the names of some characters, especially those that are conditioned by means of time renovation or real existence. 22 Finally, the critique has thus to judge the extent of translator’s and producers’ preservation, refinement or declension of the original intention of the author. It might happen that a dramatic work gets deformed because of ill-conceived renovation to such an extent that it becomes more an awkward parody of a comedy than a socially  impressive piece of work. Consequently it is essential to be very careful when choosing the appropriate renovation means, to maintain their level and choose such means that correspond to author’s poetics. Savory describes the renovation of a translation as follows: â€Å"Art, proverbially, is long, so that translation, in so far as it is an art, should be in like manner timeless, persistently reappearing as an inevitable response to the stimuli felt by succeeding generations. An artist in oils or water-colour does not refrain from making a picture of Mapledurham Mill because it has been drawn and painted so many times already; he regards this fact as one more reason for his, the latest, attempt. In the same way writers have always been ready to express in their own language the passages, from epigrams and couplets to epics and long books, originally written in other tongues. Of subsidiary importance is the fact that a fresh translation of any work of literary merit is welcomed because the existing translations sound antiquated, or are obsolescent; and this is a factor which cannot be neglected or forgotten. There are fashions in literature and changes in literary taste, so that a rendering of Virgil which satisfied the Elizabethans of the sixteenth century will not necessarily appeal to the Elizabethans of the twentieth. There should be small need for hesitation on the part of anyone who considers embarking on a worthwhile translation, and one of the most unmistakable signs of the literary interests and activities of the present day is the popularity and the plentifulness of new translations. † (Savory 1957, p. 28) Newmark (Newmark 1988, p.172) suggests that a translator of drama in particular must translate into the modern target language if he wants his characters to ‘live’, bearing in mind that the modern language covers a span of, say, 70 years. If one character speaks in a bookish or old-fashioned way in the original, written 500 years ago, he must speak in an equally bookish and old-fashioned way in the translation, but as he would today, therefore with a corresponding time-gap – differences of register, social class, education, temperament in particular must be preserved between one character and another. Thus the dialogue remains dramatic, and though the translator cannot forget the potential spectators, he does not make concessions to them. 23 3. 6 LANGUAGE AND STYLE As Newmark (Newmark 1995, p. 123) implies, for the translator, language is a code which he is well aware he will never break, a system he cannot wholly grasp, because it is lexically infinite. All he can do is make assumptions about it, in accordance with the benefits he derives from it, depending on the yield that suits the users at the time; the assumptions, like the sense of the words, will change continuously. â€Å"The translator is frequently faced with too little extralinguistic reality and too much linguistic ambiguity – words either too far out of their usual collocations or so frequently in them that they become meaningless cliche, fitting as loosely as yale keys in the huge locks of their context. † (Newmark 1995, p. 123) Concerning the Czech background, Kufnerova and Skoumalova (Kufnerova, Skoumalova 1994, p. 72) describe the Czech language as significantly different from other European languages that exist also outside Europe (Russian, English) in which we  cannot find general colloquial form of the language as in Czech. On the other hand, there are many informal expressions, dialects, slang and social dialects. Czech and partly German create a special area in Europe where general colloquial informal language is often used. In artistic translations this general colloquial Czech language does not appear without the stylization. That can be achieved via various techniques, but all of them tend to keep the appearance of such features in the text, so that they would fulfill their function and would not disturb the reader, or spectator. In my translation I have let Jill and finally also Don use such general colloquial Czech expressions although the original version had not always clearly stated those. I have done so in order to keep the unity and originality of the text. Slang represents a specific language field within each language and a specific problem of translators to be solved. It often includes emotional elements and thus characterizes the speaker. According to Knittlova (Knittlova 2000, p. 111) the collation of slang words that have various system relations in different languages is very difficult. In slang (especially of young people) we can notice an effort to be outlandish and to exaggerate expressive gestures. Slang wants to shock, provoke, it is a sign of revolt or disobedience. It is presented via overexposing some categories of expressions, hyperbole, metaphorical phraseology, colloquial metaphors, irony, comicality, folk expressions and above all playfulness with the language. Several studies have been written about English standard and sub-standard slang. The term â€Å"slang† denotes partly 24 a special diction, partly highly colloquial language or jargon of a particular social class,  a group or a period. In dictionaries the stylistic categorization of words or phrases that do not belong to a formal language is denoted by â€Å"slang†. However, the boundary between slang and colloquial English is rather movable and indistinct. Slang is an extract of colloquial language, it is not tied in with the rules of standard English, but it is rated as vivid, colourful, more full-bodied as for the diction and more flexible. It arises by a natural need of creation of new words that emotionally affect the utterance and express a subjective evaluation of the reality. Nevertheless, slang is not a secret code, an English speaker understands it easily but does not consider it something quite correct. Knittlova concludes that it is therefore a distortion of style if a translator replaces the English slang by offensive words or even by vulgarism. A style of any written piece of work is affected both by the personality of the writer and by the period of history he lives in. Translation includes the bridging of time as well as the bridging of space.