Diabetes as Disorder

DESCRIPTIONDiabetes pertains to a metabolic disorder that is associated with the lack or absence of insulin, a protein that transports glucose into the cells of the body.   Glucose, also simply known as sugars, is considered as the first source of energy for the daily activities performed by the human body, such as walking and standing.In addition, glucose also serves as the main resource for the energy that is required to fuel cellular processes within the body, including that of growth and repair of cells and tissues.   The food items consumed by an individual generally contain glucose and thus the presence of insulin is important for the transport of this macromolecule to the appropriate regions of the body.Insulin is mainly produced by the pancreas, which is a digestive organ that is strategically located next to the small intestines, where digestion commonly occurs.   Once the process of digestion has been completed in the intestines, the glucose molecules transported into cells through the help of insulin.   In normal individuals, the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas is enough to transport the glucose that is present in the meal consumed.On the other hand, individuals with diabetes show a lack or absence of insulin secreted by the pancreas, thus preventing the transport of the glucose molecules into the cells.   Glucose is therefore left outside the cells and these remain circulating in the blood.   The continuous accumulation of glucose further extends from the blood to the urine, which in turn are samples employed for the diagnostics of diabetes.CAUSES OF DIABETESDiabetes is generally caused by a number of factors, depending on the type of diabetes that has been positively diagnosed in an individual.   Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), pertains to an autoimmune condition that involves the incapacity of the body to combat infections (NIH, 2010a).In this case, the immune system of an indivi dual causes the destruction of the cells of the pancreas, thus decreasing and possibly preventing the production of insulin for glucose transport.   The actual mechanism that triggers the destruction of the pancreatic cells by the immune system is still unknown and there are active efforts in the field of biomedical research that are attempting to elucidate this reaction.Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), pertains to an increase in the level of glucose in the body due to aging, obesity or genetic inheritance of the condition (NIH, 2010b).   Type 2 diabetes is therefore more commonly observed among elderly individuals, as their metabolic rate generally slows down as they age.   Obese individuals tend to develop diabetes because their food choices are often different from the recommended daily diet, thus increasing the likelihood that sugar-rich foods would be consumed on a regular basis.Gestational diabetes pertains to the increase i n the blood glucose level of a female during pregnancy.   This occurrence is usually linked to the gain in the total body weight of a woman during pregnancy, as well as the decrease in the physical activity of the woman as she progresses through the entire gestational period of 36 weeks or 9 months.   Unlike types 1 and 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes often disappears once the woman has given birth.   The disappearance of the features of diabetes are possibly linked to the loss in the total body weight after birth, as well as the increase in the physical activity of the woman after delivery.EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETESType 1 diabetes generally affects both males and females, yet there are certain characteristics that strongly associated with this metabolic disease.   According to the World Health Organization, type 1 diabetes is more common among whites and is considered as a rare disease among non-white populations of Africa and Asia.   Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is commonly diagnosed in elderly individuals.Moreover, elderly individuals who are overweight are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes because these individuals tend to be less active in physical activities.   Certain populations are thus associated with type 2 diabetes, including those of African and Asian ethnicities.   In the United States alone, there are 24 million individuals with the age of 20 years old and above that have been diagnosed with diabetes (NIDDK, 2007).   On the other hand, there are 12 million elderly individuals who have been diagnosed with diabetes in the United States.TREATMENT OF DIABETESType 1 diabetes is generally treated with the administration of insulin on a daily basis.   Patient are therefore taught how to inject insulin everyday, in order to maintain a normal level of insulin in their blood.   Type 2 diabetes is usually treated with medications that assist in the digestion of glucose from the food items consumed.   This medication is give n on a daily basis using a tablet or capsule format.   In addition to medications, a healthy diet is highly recommended to diabetic patients.   This includes food items that are low in sugar content, such as green, leafy vegetables and fiber-rich fruits and grains.Exercise is also recommended for diabetic patients, as this assists in increasing the metabolic rate of the body.   Diabetic patients are also educated on the condition of hypoglycemia, which is the extreme lowering of the blood glucose level of the body, resulting in fainting and a decrease in the arterial blood pressure.   A dietician therefore plays an important role in the design of the dietary regimen of diabetic patients.   A regular check-up should also be performed every 3 to 6 months, wherein the fasting blood sugar levels are determined, in order to evaluate the progress of the patient with the current dietary regimen.REFERENCESNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.   (2007) .   National Diabetes Statistics, 2007.   Downloaded from http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/DM_Statistics.pdf on July 8, 2010.National Institutes of Health.   (2010a).   Type 1 diabetes: Thirty years of progress.   Downloaded from http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/Type1Diabetes.pdf on July 8, 2010.National Institutes of Health.   (2010b).   Type 2 diabetes: Thirty years of progress.   Downloaded from http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/Type2Diabetes.pdf on July 8, 2010.

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model Paper

As a child develops, the surroundings and people they interact with can have an impact in their development. Bronfenbrenner is a developmental psychologist who created the bioecological model of human development. The purpose of Bronfenbrenner’s model is to analyze the different connections humans make in the process of socialization. The bioecological model consists of four main areas â€Å"in which relationships and interactions take place to form patterns that affect human development† (Berns, 2013, 2010). The patterns that are formed from the relationships an interactions being created can be either positive or negative influences that can affect human development. The first system is the microsystem; in this system children are directly affected by the interactions they encounter â€Å"in a particular small setting† (Berns, 2013, 2010). For instance, family, school, peers, media, and their community are part of a child’s microsystem. The second system is the mesosystem; in this system the mesosystem is reflected in the microsystem due to the connections it creates with the child’s small settings. An example of this can be the child’s community collaborations which influences the child’s development. The third system is the exosystem; in this system the settings in which the child is not directly involve, yet the child is still affected in their microsystem. For instance, the child’s parents’ work can affect the child do to financial problems or stressed. The fourth system is the macrosystem; in this system â€Å"the society and subculture to which the developing person belongs, with particular reference to the belief system, lifestyles, patterns of social interaction, and life changes (Berns, 2013, 2010). For example, being part of a religion influences your life and therefore your human development as well. Indeed, Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model depicts the human development in these four basic structures. This essay will explain my own reflection of my childhood and the influences from each of the ecological systems. Microsystem: As Berns states, â€Å"the family is the setting that provides nurturance, affection, and a variety of opportunities†¦the primary socializer of the child in that it has the most significant impact on the child’s development † (Berns, 2013, 2010). In my case, my biological mother was not able to provide â€Å"nurturance, affection, and a variety of opportunities† and therefore affected my development. My mother’s inability to provide these essential elements affected my stability in my life. Berns explains that â€Å"this early disadvantage will persist and even worsen as the child progresses through school unless intervention, such as that provided by some quality child-care programs, can modify the opportunities at home and in school† (Berns, 2013, 2010). My personal stability worsen as I developed, but it was able to get modified at some point in my life do to my adoption. My adopted parents were able to provide those essential elements and therefore helped me established a normal stable life. Further, Bern claims that â€Å"teachers encouraged the development of various skills and behaviors by being role models and by providing motivation for children to succeed in learning† (Berns, 2013, 2010). My ninth grade teacher, Miss. Dotson influenced my life directly. She was able to provide motivation in my life in the sense of being able to succeed in my learning in order to attend college and receive good grades. She became my role model and I wanted to be just like her, a teacher. I began to realize that having an education was essential as my life developed because without one, my life would be a disappointment. Due to her support and motivation, I was able to become the student that I am today. Moreover, Bern states that â€Å"the community, or neighborhood on a smaller scale, is the main setting in which children learn by doing† (Berns, 2013, 2010). Growing up, I did not live in the safest community which influenced my views of where I lived. I remember that the only thing I wanted to do was to move to a safer place. The noises of sirens and police caused feared in me and I did not want to conform to continue leaving in an environment like that. As I grew older, I knew that I wanted to move away as soon as I was able to. When I had the chance to do so, I did and I was able to experience a safer community and a better life. From this, I learned that the communities we reside in can have significant influences in our lives. Mesosystem: Schools ability to bring forward guest speakers can have influences in the students. For instance, while attending an ASB camp, I was able to meet this great guest speaker who influenced my own life. I may not remember his name, but I do remember the words he said that inspired me to change my life around. He was the product of abusive parents and although he went through some hardships while growing up, he decided to change his life around and not end up in drugs, gangs, or any kind of trouble. His speech thought me that although I was abused; I had the chance and power to change my life around too. I was able to become a successful young woman in my academic development and I am still striving for the best. What I learned from this experience was that guest speakers and schools connection to my life was very influential in my development. Having the opportunity to attend my fifth grade field trip-science camp, I realized that it had an impact in my development. Being away from home for a couple of days, made me realized how important the care of my family was at that time. Going to school for a couple of hours a day was different than being away from home for a couple of days. The interrelationship between my family, the school, and the field trip was interesting because I did not know how it felt to be away from my family. The realization of this instigated me to appreciate both my family and my school more than I thought I did. As Bern states, â€Å"the more numerous the qualitative links or interrelationships between the child’s microsystems, the more impact they have on socialization† (Berns, 2013, 2010). Therefore, the impact of appreciation of my microsystem also made an impact in my socialization skills as to what situations to appreciate at certain times. After leaving my house for college, I had to move in with one of my aunts in San Diego. Although I was no longer living at home, I still visit my family. During this change, I had to cope with two different life styles. For instance, living with my aunt I had different duties and responsibilities that I did not have at home. However, when both families got together I knew how to behave in both scenarios. This experienced helped me understand behavior in my life. I no longer behave one certain way because I developed ew behaviors depending on the setting I was in. Exosystem: As Berns states, â€Å"the exosystem refers to settings in which children are not active participants, but that affect them in one of their microsystems† (Berns, 2013, 2010). In my case, my father’s job was something that affected me. For instance, his stress level was always high and therefore he tended to be upset most of the time. Also, he did not have enough play time with me like I would of like to. Although I never went to his job, it still affected my development. I remember while growing up, my sister and I tended to avoid my father since we did not have that connection with him like we did with our mother because she was a homestay wife. As seen, parent’s jobs can have major impacts in a child’s microsystem. Another example that also affected my microsystem was school budget cuts. Although I was not directly involved with the school board, their decisions affected my microsystem. For instance, my freshman and sophomore year of high school the school did not hired a professional cheer coach due to budget cuts. This affected our ability to learn new techniques and therefore compete. During this time, we had to teach ourselves what we knew and the overall performance of our squad was not to the standards of a high school cheerleading team. From this, I learned that outside decisions of our school board really had an impact in our school, but most importantly us, the students. Furthermore, social services impacted my life in the sense of the process of my adoption. For instance, having to go through the hardships of getting adopted was already a struggle, but the process itself was even harder. In addition, I remember just wanting to have a family to love and care for me, yet I had them in front of me and I could not be with them. Social services were not something I directly had a connection with, yet they still impacted my development throughout those years. During that time, my emotions were unstable because I knew the family that was trying to adopt me loved me, but the process was too long to wait for. Macrosystem: Berns explains that â€Å"the fourth basic structure is viewed as patterns, or sets of instructions, for exosystems, mesosystems, and microsystems† (Berns, 2013, 2010). For instance, when I started my freshman year of college, I was persuaded into joining a sorority on campus. When experiencing the different things that one has to do in order to be part of their subculture, I notice that I was beginning to develop new beliefs, different social interactions, different lifestyle, and most importantly my life was changing dramatically. These changes were beginning to affect my other systems. The person I was becoming was someone I did not expect to be and therefore, I decided to drop out of it and enjoy the person that I truly am. Another example that was part of my exosystem was when I was part of my high school cheerleading squad. Being part of this subculture I developed a whole new lifestyle. I remember saying that cheer was what I woke up to, did most of the day, and dreamed all night about. It sure was not easy being a cheerleader since I also had to manage my academic achievement and my role as a daughter. At times, cheerleading affected my ability to communicate with my parents because I would leave early in the morning and did not get back home till about eight or nine o’clock at night. As seen, our macrosystem can have significant influences in our other systems due to its connection it creates. As a Latino woman, we identify ourselves with our race and culture. We share similar characteristics and beliefs that other races and cultures don’t. Due to this, being Latino is part of my macrosystem. Growing up I knew my family was different than some of my classmate’s families. For instance, some of my classmates did not speak Spanish and did not eat the same things that I did. Also, they did not celebrate the same things I did. For this reason, my race made me different and I learned to appreciate who my family and I were. Conclusion: Indeed, Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model depicts the four systems that help our human development. Overall, I learned that depending on the child’s life, their socialized abilities can either be broken or created, but at the end each interaction they make affects the socialization skills they develop throughout their lives. Reflecting upon the different systems and how they directly impact one’s life, has changed my views in the way socialization takes part in our lives and how I develop new interactions with others in my development as a human being.

Advertisment case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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KanIrraDeebaaQubeeQabusan - Article Example a good working condition, I always wear several hats like being an expert clinician, a mentor, supporting staff members and advocating for patients and families tirelessly. Since I worked as a nurse, we have had a good relationship with staff members and this has made my career successful. I live in Richmond town. The goals of my course is to understand the main causes of bipolar disorder, its signs and symptoms, to understand in detail the four types of mood episode in bipolar disorder, how to treat the diseases and the varying cost of treatment. I will also like to learn how to train an individual on how to handle the disorder in their own and know how to provided guiding and counseling to patients. My case study will be about care of Susie who is suffering from bipolar disease. The patient is a 22 years old student. For over a week, he has gone without a sleep and throughout the week he has spent time in heightened state of activity, she can’t control what he is doing. He has developed strange and grandiose behavior that takes mystical tone, he also forgets what he always do and he has started writing notes so as not to forget what he is doing. The policy issues related to Susie case include enforcement of non discrimination laws; Susie has been facing discriminated in school according to his friends and this made her become stressed. Stress is one of the main causes of bipolar disorder, discrimination against Susie also lead to poor healthy working life balance which end up causing bipolar. Title VII of The Civil Rights Act, 1964 prohibits â€Å"discrimination in terms and conditions of work on the ground of race, color, national origin, sex and religion. The school atmosphere for Susie has not been favorable. The poor studying environment resulted in hostility, mistrust, and rivalry which lead to depression because it spreads negative attitude and harm relationship between Susie and other students. Another policy is taking the right food. Healthy eating will

The impact of the internet an markting development a case study of Dissertation

The impact of the internet an markting development a case study of apple Inc. computers - Dissertation Example high end electronic gadgets like mobile phones with innumerable features, computers, laptops, tabs and many more items have drastically changed every aspect of human life (Hou & Rego, 2002, p. 1). Everywhere technology has taken a leap. From irrigation to the agricultural revolution, from scientific upheaval to the invention of nuclear power, technology has made its presence felt. The list is endless. In this era of globalization with the effect of technology, marketing has also evolved thoroughly in every sector. Earlier marketing used to be a part of business strategy where the main intention was â€Å"telling and selling† the product by force or by will through different mediums like advertisement, push selling, door to door selling etc. to achieve business target first and then to meet the customers’ need (Kotler, 2008). In short it would be defined as â€Å"meeting needs profitably†. (Kotlar 2007). But with time the strategy of marketing has changed and has taken a different form altogether. Nowadays the foremost aim of marketing is to satisfy customers’ needs by providing them with better services without comprising on the benefits of the company. Most of the companies with the help of technology and information started using marketing as an effective tool to build and maintain customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return (Kotler, 2008). In topical time, technology is a vital influence and underlines the choice of implementation strategies of international marketing mix and furthermore â€Å"enables the more effective control of a firm’s diverse international activities.† (Bach, 2007, p. 3). From the above mentioned quotation it is understood that marketing has taken a new dimension with the emergence of the Internet. In this age of Information Technology (IT) most of the companies are exploring their business to another level by diversifying their resources and expanding their busines s on the global platform. With the help of the Internet, companies are utilizing this opportunity to go to every extent to increase their sales, promote their products and services. In simple words it can be explained that Internet marketing helps to market the business online. The increase in the number of online businessmen over a period of time made Internet marketing even more popular and important these days. With the emergence of the Internet, the traditional marketing idea has changed. The broad networking model helped to change the organizational function related to the marketing campaign, altering products or change in the service based on feedback from the customer, shareholders and others related to the companies. Today E-commerce has become important for every company starting from small ventures to MNCs, public or private sectors and common public in general, even to those who are not accessible to the Internet also by effective word of mouth or other medium like radio television etc (Costa, 2001; Keinan, 2000). The online medium provides a faster rate of innovation than the conventional channel (Lee, 2001, p. 12). Thus today's Internet marketing has transformed to a higher level with a lightning speed with respect to website design and usability advances, e-commerce facility, optimization of search engines, pay per click marketing strategy, web analytics initiative via social media, from the booking of bus-train-flight ticket to search for a holiday destination, from online education to online

To what extent does the professional ideology of socially responsible Essay

To what extent does the professional ideology of socially responsible journalism serve the public interest Discuss with refere - Essay Example A biased information is not the final truth, and in the case where the media owner influences the kind of information to be issued, then the media fails in being independent (Uow.edu.au 2013). The norm of objectivity is made up of two components. One such component is depersonalization, which is a requirement stipulating that when issuing a report or information, a journalist should never express his or her own views, evaluations or believes for this may lead to delivery of biased information. The second component is balance, which involves presenting opinions of agents from both sides of a controversy, and by all means avoiding favoring one side. The policy of objectivity requires that when dealing with authoritative sources like politicians, journalist should report the views of these sources in a way that proves that they are not favoring any one side (Uow.edu.au 2013). The objectivity policy helps in making sure that the public is protected from biased information that may mislea d them when making decisions. Sometimes the information to be reported might not be in conjunction with their beliefs or evaluations, and the policy helps in presenting truth to the public during such instances. Under the responsible journalism system, the public enjoys transparency in different arms of the government and the corporate sector. Socially responsible journalism ensures that journalists working in different departments are careful about the kind of information they present to the public (Uow.edu.au 2013). Balance, which is part of the objectivity policy of journalism, helps in making sure that journalists give the exact information about any authoritative source of information like the government. Through their unbiased and truthful reporting of the activities of the government, journalists help in ensuring that the public is aware of the government’s progress, is a position to scrutinize as well as put the government in check. Such information becomes useful to the public when voting in the next government (Uow.edu.au 2013). The policy of objectivity helps in protecting the rights of the public. In most parts of the world, the greatest traitors and dictators have been rendered powerless by responsible journalism. Responsible journalism educates the public more about their rights and through such education, the public is able to ensure that they acquire their various rights and freedom as stipulated by the law. Sometimes when some governments fail to offer good leadership, the media comes in to serve the role of activists. This at times serves as good way of keeping the government in check, by inciting the public and of ensuring that the public enjoys good governance (Carr 2006). There are many instances in different parts of the world where a social responsible journalism system saves the day by giving the public the right information. Journalism being a source of information, analysis and comments on the current affairs, journalism as a f ield helps in many different roles in the modern society. The principal goal of almost every professional journalist is to serve the society by being transparent as he or she issues the right and true information to the public. Journalists also examine the way power is exercised by the elected or appointed leaders. Through this, they help in inspiring democratic

Strategic HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic HRM - Essay Example Entertainment products include the sale of compact discs and videos. Additionally, ASDA is engaged in property investment and development through its Gazeley division. In this paper we will evaluate the companies Strategic Human Resource Management policies. The Human Resource Management or personnel function of ASDA covers a variety of activities. The term Human Resource Management has largely replaced the old-fashioned word personnel, which was used in the past. (Arthur, 2003, 670-687) The effectiveness with which ASDA runs its Human Resources policies can be measured by the level of employee satisfaction, and this is where stability indexes and wastage rates are so important. If employees are content with their work, they are most likely to turn up for work. Levels of stress and stress-related absenteeism increase when there is a poor Human relations atmosphere. (Boxall, 2002, 51-7) ASDA will have a range of employees who have worked for different lengths of time and who have different levels of skills and training. The Human Resource planner will seek to have a balance of new people entering ASDA in order to cover those who are leaving. The Human Resource Planner will also want to make sure that skill levels are raising within ASDA, and that training programmes are devised to make sure people have the skills to meet ASDAs jobs requirements. If all ASDAs skilled employees are just about to retire, ASDA will have to spend a lot of money on training to build up a new pool of expertise. Succession is the way in which one person follows another person into a particular job or role within ASDA. ASDA need to make sure it is grooming people to take on the responsibility required. If ASDA do not do this, it will suddenly find itself with a vacuum where it has not developed the people to move into the appropriate position of responsibility, and ASDA will be missing the right people in key

Investment project- Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investment project- Finance - Essay Example Making a portfolio always give something extra ordinary to the investor and investors always like to have making a portfolio, as it not only increase its return but it also decrease the risk association from the same. Passive Investment strategy would be taken into account for the same. Passive investment can also be stated as passive management. It is a financial approach which refers to get hold on active selling and purchase dealings in short term profitability scenarios while having an intension to make investment in secure long term profitability with a minimum usage of resources (John L. Maginn, 2010). The passive investment approach is hugely relied and believes on pre determined strategy where there is no span for any potential anticipation rather strongly belief by fund manager or any financier to invest in long-standing period will be highly cost-effective. The whole stance is to evaluate the investment to its minimum level and to keep away negative impacts in the case of m alfunction in order to appropriately forecasting. Passive management is extremely viable in stock market in which index tracker is used to assess the index for equity market (John L. Maginn, 2010). Now days, it is gaining popularity and also being exploited progressively in other types of investment portfolios include bonds, supplies and hedge funds. The passive investing strategy is comprised under the following points: Maintaining a low cost, and to avoid unnecessary transactions Keep considering all the markets and avoid excessive disclosure to a specific industry Investment in the view of long-standing perspective Average Return of the Stocks Five years of return has been taken into consideration for the same. Average means, mean return which has been analyzed from different angles in total. The average return of all of the five stocks are mentioned below, Â   ANZ Contact Hallenstein SKY CITY Port Of Tarunga NZX 50 MEAN RETURN 15.92% 1.46% 14.90% 4.88% 17.91% 1.23% The mean r eturn of ANZ and Port of Tarunga are two of the major stocks which yields high return in total. The mean return of ANZ is 15.92%, while the mean return of Port of Tarunga is 17.91%. Both of the returns are high in nature. Apart from these two stocks, Hallenstien is yet another stock which has a mean return of 14.90%, while SKY City, Contact and NZX 50 has a mean return of 4.88%, 1.46% and 1.23% respectively. If it is extremely important for Mr. Thompson to put their money in the stocks this yields high return. Leaping over the result right away is not at all a good sign as there are other provisions as well, which could be taken account in the same. If equally dividing the proportion of 2 million then 1/6 = 16.66% would be allocated to each stocks, let’s find the average return in this scenario, = 2,000,000/6 = $ 333,400 In this scenario a net return of 9.38% could be envisaged which increased the financial portfolio of the company to a level of $ 2.18 million. Let’s n ow examine the standard deviation of each stock and then its correlation. Standard Deviation and Correlation Standard Deviation, Sharpe Ratio and Beta are all the same things and it analyze the essence and involvement of risk in a stock. This particular thing would be quite skeptical and important from the standpoint of an investment and analysts always try to enhance their portfolio by analyzing the same thing in total. The computed S.D of all of the

Steroids in the World of Sports Essay Example for Free

Steroids in the World of Sports Essay During the 1930s, scientists discovered that anabolic steroids could help the growth of muscle in laboratory animals, which led to abuse of these drugs by bodybuilders and weightlifters and then by athletes in other sports. Ever since the beginning of sports there has been different techniques used in order to gain an edge over opponents. The question that has been most frequently asked is, which of these techniques is considered cheating, and which ones are fair game. The use of steroids is now the most well known form of cheating in recent sports history, and has drove many sports commissioners into a full investigation, that has lead to unique unprecedented punishments. Professional stars must realize that they are huge role models in today’s society, and are influencing young athletes all over the world. Any player in today’s society knows that there is a major punishment for using any kind of performance enhancing drugs. Not only do they get suspended immediately but if and when they return are often booed by fans, and are basically embarrassed in front of the entire league. Since steroids has been such a major subject of late, and such closely watched, I think anyone who tries is just asking for trouble. If an athlete in one of the major sports is caught using performance enhancing drugs there is immediate media frenzy. Many people believe that if your caught using performance enhancing drugs, any accomplishments you made during your career should be erased. You then might ask yourself, what would drive an athlete to risk their playing career by using steroids? Steroids are manufactured to enhance testosterone and are usually taken to build muscle, boost performance, and improve appearance. Often older players use steroids when they are injured because they do not recover as fast as they usually would when they were younger. In sports, size is extremely important, and that extra thirty or forty poun ds will have a major factor in how an athlete will play. One of the biggest problems with performance enhancing drugs is that scientist keep coming up with new drugs that the public doesn’t know about. All of the major sports now drug test their athletes, but since these newly developed drugs aren’t well known there is no way they can regulate the test. We have seen baseball players like Mark McGwire and Jose Conseco admit to the use of a drug called Andro. Andro is now one of the performance enhancing drugs being tested by the league. During the time that Mark McGuire and Jose Conseco were playing not to many people knew about the drug, and was considered to be legal. As the major sports try to put an end to this steroid era, we see some of the biggest stars being linked to steroid use. It is very easy to link this to the amount of teenagers in high school and college that are now using performance enhancing drugs. Over the past decade the percentage of young adults that have admitted to using steroid has almost tripled. Since most of the players being caught are major stars, it is easy for young adults to think all they need to do is take steroids and they’ll have that extra edge. The sport that has been affected most by this steroid era has been Major League Baseball. Ninety-five percent of the people who vote on the Baseball Hall of Fame agree that if a player has been associated with the use of steroids, they would never vote that athlete into the Hall of Fame. This is a very important subject because there have recently been a number of baseball players that would be a lock for the Hall of Fame if they were not linked to steroid use. It is very hard to determine the penalty for these players because nothing like this has ever happened before. Some fans believe that the use of steroids have very little effect in certain sports, and do not understand the big deal. Some have actually suggested making steroids legal, and the athletes can take them at there own risk. Although I think this idea is fascinating, I do not believe I could ever happen. The pressure for players to use steroids would be almost impossible to resist, and would lead to everyone to take them. The style of play in most sports would change from skill and technique to power and strength, which would take away from the beauty of the game. The most important reason they could never legalize steroids in sports is because of the health reasons involved with taking steroids. Steroid use is one of the most controversial subjects in today’s society because of many different reasons. There are so many supplements that are considered to be legal, but there is just as many that are considered to be illegal. Athletes must ask themselves if it is worth it to risk their careers on trying to just get an edge. The problem with this is that most people do not think of the consequences until after they get caught. The most important thing most major league players don’t think about when they use steroids is how it affects young athletes in today’s society.

Information Systems Today Essay Example for Free

Information Systems Today Essay It is limited to transactions between businesses and consumers. C) Electronic commerce between businesses and their employees is not possible. D) All forms of electronic commerce involve business firms. E) Consumer-to-consumer electronic commerce is a complete reversal of the traditional business-to-consumer electronic commerce. 3) Which of the following is an example of business-to-consumer electronic commerce? A) Brenda files her income tax online. B) A manufacturer conducts business over the Web with its retailers. C) Juan buys Kevins guitar on eBay. com. D) Reuben buys a shoe on Yebhi. om. E) Sandra, an employee, uses the Web to make a change her health benefits. 4) Which of the following is an example of consumer-to-consumer electronic commerce? A) Niobi makes an online deposit of $5,000 into her friend Carlas account because she needs financial help. B) Heath buys a gift for Vannessa from Amazon. com. C) Blanco, a manufacturer, conducts business over the Web with its retailers. D) Ted files his income tax online. E) Marty buys Lobsangs mountaineering equipment from eBay. com 5) Ben buys an Olympus E-PL2 from Sony which starts malfunctioning. When he opts for an exchange, the customer representative says that an exchange or repair is not possible because the damage was of a physical nature and not covered under warranty. Which of the following consequences, if true, would be an example of consumer-to-consumer electronic commerce? A) Ben sells the Olympus E-PL2 to Balvinder Singh in India through eBay. com. B) Ben files an online suit against Sony. C) Ben files a complaint on Sonys Web site asking for an escalation. D) Ben buys a Canon G 12. E) Ben sells the Olympus E-PL2 to the worlds largest used camera dealer KEH. om. 6) Which of the following is a result of global information dissemination? A) Firms link Web sites to corporate databases to provide real-time access to personalized information. B) Firms tailor their products and services to meet a customers particular needs on a large scale. C) Firms market their products and services over vast distances. D) Firms provide immediate communication and feedback to and from customers. E) Firms provide ways for clients and firms to conduct business online without human assistance. 7) Which of the following actions explains mass customization? A) Firms tailor their products and services to meet a customers particular needs on a large scale. B) Firms provide immediate communication and feedback to and from customers. C) Firms provide ways for clients and firms to conduct business online without human assistance. D) Firms market their products and services over vast distances. E) Firms link Web sites to corporate databases to provide real-time access to personalized information. 8) Which of the following is an advantage of using interactive communication via the Web? A) reduced transaction costs B) increased customer loyalty C) enhanced operational efficiency D) reduced brand dilution E) decreased cannibalization 9) The phenomenon of cutting out the middleman and reaching customers more directly and efficiently is known as ________. A) gentrification B) demutualization C) reintermediation D) mutualization E) disintermediation 10) Which of the following is an example disintermediation? A) Land Rover markets most of its four-wheel drives in high altitude regions where vehicles require more power. B) Dunkin Donuts expanded its menu beyond breakfasts by adding hearty snacks that substitute for meals, which consists of items like Dunkin Dawgs, hot dogs wrapped in dough. C) Gatorade Thirst Quencher is a market leader in sports drinks. It is now planning to market its drinks to working women in urban areas. D) OakTeak, a furniture manufacturing firm, started selling directly to its customers after it experienced a dip in sales due to channel conflicts between retailers. E) A luxury car company creates a hybrid line of automobiles for consumers who are concerned about the environment. 11) ________ refers to the design of business models that reintroduce middlemen in order to reduce the challenges brought on by dealing directly with customers. A) Reintermediation B) Demutualization C) Gentrification D) Disintermediation E) Mutualization 12) Which of the following is an example of reintermediation? A) The black Centurian card is issued by invitation only to customers who spend more than $250,000 a year on other American Express cards. B) P;G acquires the list of parents-to-be and showers them with samples of Pampers and other baby products to capture a share of their future purchases. C) Kambo, a fashion apparel company that deals directly with customers to sell its products, added retailers to its supply chain to cater to its target audience in remote geographic locations. D) OakTeak, a furniture manufacturing firm, started selling directly to its customers after it experienced a dip in sales due to channel conflicts between retailers. E) Dunkin Donuts expanded its menu beyond breakfasts by adding hearty snacks that substitute for meals, which consists of items like Dunkin Dawgs, hot dogs wrapped in dough. D) These firms only conduct business electronically in cyberspace. E) These firms do not have physical store locations. 17) Which of the following firms would most likely pursue the brick-and-mortar strategy? A) KEH. com is a used camera dealer that buys and sells cameras across the globe. B) Castros is a watch manufacturing firm known for its effective mass customization. C) SmartInv is a brokerage firm that allows its customers to personalize their portfolios. D) BestBaker is a local bakery store in Bantam, Connecticut and caters exclusively to its residents. E) Nebo, a computer manufacturer, has pursued disintermediation and sells directly to customers. 18) Which of the following statements is true about firms pursuing a click-and-mortar business strategy? A) These firms learn how to fully maximize commercial opportunities in both domains. B) These firms can often compete more effectively on price. C) These firms tend to be highly adept with technology and can innovate very rapidly as new technologies become available. D) Customers of these firms find it difficult to return a product in case of damages. E) These firms can reduce prices to rock-bottom levels, although a relatively small firm may not sell enough products. 19) EZBiz, the brainchild of three college friends, is a startup venture which plans to produce and market sports gear. They are currently trying to decide between a brick-and-click strategy and a click-only strategy. Which of the following, if true, would most undermine the decision to adopt a click-only strategy? A) The company has limited access to funds and is looking to keep its costs low. B) The public is wary of sharing confidential information after a recent spate of credit card scandals. C) A competitor is facing severe backlash after inadvertently releasing sensitive data into the public domain. D) Several companies who have switched from brick-and-mortar strategy to a click-only are experiencing severe channel conflicts. E) Some click-only companies have been unable to achieve economies of scale and subsequently are unable to offer lower prices. 20) EZBiz, the brainchild of three college friends, is a startup venture which plans to produce sports gear. They are currently trying to decide between a brick-and-click strategy and a click-only strategy. Which of the following, if true, would most support the decision to adopt a click-only strategy? A) E-commerce places firms on a global platform, in direct competition with the best in the business. B) Retailers have a preference for established brands that can pay good margins. C) Research suggests that some customers prefer online shopping because of the convenience it offers. D) Product trials and demonstrations are an essential part of the consumer buying process. E) Cyber laws are yet to reach the level of sophistication required to facilitate safe online transactions. 1) Which of the following statements is true about the revenue model? A) It emphasizes the utility that the product/service has to offer to customers. B) It analyzes the existing players in the market and the nature of the competition. C) It describes the promotion plan of the product/service. D) It describes how the firm will produce a superior return on invested capital. E) It analyzes the background and experie nce of the company leadership. 22) Which of the following questions should a manager consider while analyzing the value proposition component of the business model? A) How much are you selling the product for? B) How fierce is the competition? C) How do you plan to let your potential customers know about your product/service? D) Can the leaders of the organization get the job done? E) Why do customers need your product/service? 23) While preparing a business model, a manager considers the question, How do you plan to let your potential customers know about your product/service? Which of the following components of the businessing model is he/she considering? A) Revenue model B) Management team C) Marketing strategy D) Value proposition E) Competitive environment 24) Paying businesses that bring or refer customers to another business is known as ________. A) affiliate marketing B) subscription marketing C) viral marketing D) stealth marketing E) buzz marketing 25) A collection of companies and processes are involved in moving a product from the suppliers of raw materials, to the suppliers of intermediate components, to final production, and ultimately, to the customer; these companies are collectively referred to as ________. A) customer management B) product lifecycle C) enterprise resource management D) supply chain E) market entry 26) Prior to the introduction of the Internet and Web, the secure communication of proprietary information in business-to-business electronic commerce was facilitated using ________. A) enterprise resource planning B) electronic data interchange C) cloud computing D) supply chain management E) executive information system 27) Which of the following statements is true about the extranet? A) It restricts the companys information from going on the Web. B) It can be accessed only by employees within an organization. C) It contains company related information which all the employees of an organization can access. D) It enables two or more firms to use the Internet to do business together. E) It requires large expenditures to train users on the technologies. 28) Web-based technologies are cross platform, meaning that disparate computing systems can communicate with each other provided that ________. A) the computing systems have been manufactured by the same company B) the computing system manufacturing companies are business partners C) they are located in the same country D) standard Web protocols have been implemented E) the computing system manufacturing companies allow it 29) Companies use ________ to secure proprietary information stored within the corporate local area network and/or wide area network so that the information can be viewed only by authorized users. A) firewalls B) phishing C) rootkits D) bots E) pharming 30) Organizations primarily use extranets to ________. A) conduct market research B) manage their supply chains C) identify their target market D) control brand dilution E) manage public relations 1) In the context of B2B supply chain management, ________ can be defined as access points through which a business partner accesses secured, proprietary information from an organization. A) bots B) forums C) portals D) rootkits E) hosts 32) ________ can provide substantial productivity gains and cost savings by creating a single point of access where the company can conduct business with any number of business partners. A) Rootkits B) Ph arming C) Bots D) Phishing E) Portals 33) ________ automate the business processes involved in selling products from a single supplier to multiple buyers. A) Supplier portals B) Reference portals C) Customer portals D) Procurement portals E) Sourcing portals 34) ________ are designed to automate the business processes that occur before, during, and after sales have been transacted between a supplier and multiple customers. A) Sourcing portals B) Reference portals C) Supplier portals D) Customer portals E) Procurement portals 35) ________ are set up as B2B Web sites that provide custom-tailored offers or specific deals based on sales volume. A) Sourcing portals B) Customer portals C) Procurement portals D) Reference portals E) Supplier portals 6) What is the difference between customer and supplier portals and business-to-business (B2B) marketplaces? A) Unlike customer and supplier portals, B2B marketplaces cannot be classified as extranets. B) Unlike customer and supplier portals, B2B marketplaces are secured by firewalls. C) Unlike customer and supplier portals, B2B marketplaces only serve vertical markets. D) Unlike customer and supp lier portals, B2B marketplaces are associated with a particular buyer or supplier who deals with multiple business partners. E) Unlike customer and supplier portals, B2B marketplaces allow many buyers and many sellers to come together. 7) Markets comprised of firms operating within a certain industry sector are known as ________ markets. A) vertical B) parallel C) horizontal D) stipulated E) focused 38) Which of the following statements is true about B2B and B2C payments? A) Most B2B payments are made through credit cards. B) Most B2C payments are made by checks. C) Most B2B payments are made through electronic payment services. D) Most B2B payments are made by cash. E) Most B2B payments are made by checks. 39) Credit cards and electronic payment services are not used for large B2B transactions because of ________. A) the risks associated with these services B) the complications arising out of these transactions C) preset spending limits D) the resulting decrease in working capital E) the expenses associated with these services 40) Organizations implement intranets to support ________ electronic commerce. A) business-to-business B) business-to-consumer C) business-to-government D) business-to-employee E) consumer-to-business 41) Intranets mostly affect the ________ of an organization. A) suppliers B) employees C) customers D) retailers E) advertisers 2) ________ is used to facilitate the secured transmission of proprietary information within an organization. A) Intranet B) Transnet C) Ethernet D) Extranet E) Telnet 43) Which of the following distinguishes an intranet from an extranet? A) An intranet looks and acts just like a publicly accessible Web site. B) An intranet uses the same hardware as a publicly accessible Web site. C) Users access their companys intranet using their Web browser. D) An intranet uses the same networking technologies as a publicly accessible Web site. E) In its simplest form, intranet communications do not travel across the Internet. 44) ________ are temporary work groups with a finite task and life cycle. A) Intensive forces B) Cross functional teams C) Task forces D) Staff committees E) Self directed work teams 45) The term ________ refers to a class of software that enables people to work together more effectively. A) malware B) groupware C) freeware D) webware E) pestware 46) Which of the following is an asynchronous groupware tool? A) shared whiteboard B) online chat C) intranet D) electronic meeting support system E) video communication system 47) One of the benefits of groupware is its parallelism. Which of the following statements best explains this sentence? A) It keeps the group on track and helps avoid costly diversions. B) It can easily incorporate external electronic data and files. C) It enables members to collaborate from different places at different times. D) It automatically records member ideas, comments, and votes. E) It enables many people to speak and listen at the same time. 48) Which of the following is a synchronous groupware tool? A) e-mail B) intranet C) group calendar D) online chat E) automation system 49) Which of the following provides customers with the ability to obtain personalized information by querying corporate databases and other information sources? A) e-filing B) e-integration C) e-information D) e-transaction E) e-tailing 50) The online sales of goods and services is known as ________. A) e-information B) e-integration C) e-tailing D) e-collaboration E) e-filing 51) Which of the following occurs in a reverse pricing system? A) Customers specify the product they are looking for and how much they are willing to pay for it. B) Customers are provided with the product and its price. C) Customers are provided with a product and can decide how much they are willing to pay for it. D) Customers specify the product they are looking for and the company provides the product with a price. E) Customers cannot decide the product but they can decide the price of the products available. 2) How do comparison shopping sites generate revenue? A) by charging a commission on transactions B) by selling their products C) by charging a virtual shelf-space fee to manufacturers D) by increasing the click-count on their site E) by charging distribution fees to consumers 53) The concept of the Long Tail refers to a focus on ________. A) mainstream products B) broad markets C) generic brands D) brand dilution E) niche markets 54) Which of the following is a disadvantage of e-tailing? A) It is limited by physical store and shelf space restrictions. B) It requires additional time for products to be delivered. C) It complicates the process of comparison shopping. D) It restricts companies to effectively compete on price. E) It reduces a companys inventory turnover time. 55) Which of the following explains Web analytics? A) conducting online marketing research to improve product quality B) analyzing Web sites in order to find the best one in its category C) tracking all online purchasers to try and increase their frequency of visit to a particular Web site D) analyzing Web surfers behavior in order to improve Web site performance E) analyzing Web sites in order to find the best online business practices 6) Which of the following is a mechanism for consumer-to-consumer transactions? A) e-tailing B) e-integration C) e-filing D) e-tendering E) e-auctions 57) ________ is a form of e-auction in which the highest bidder wins. A) Reverse auction B) Bartering C) Exchange D) Forward auction E) Request for quote 58) ________ is a form of e-auction where buyers post a request for quote. A) A reverse a uction B) Bartering C) An exchange D) A forward auction E) A request for proposal 59) Which of the following forms of e-auction typically takes place on a business-to-business level? A) reverse auctions B) bartering C) exchanges D) forward auctions E) request for quotes 60) Doug is a frequent visitor of online auction sites. He uses two different accounts to place a low followed by a very high bid on the desired item. This leads other bidders to drop out of the auction. He then retracts the high bid and wins the item at the low bid. This form of e-auction fraud is known as ________. A) shill bidding B) bid luring C) payment fraud D) nonshipment E) bid skimming 61) Which of the following types of e-auction fraud is associated with the sellers failure to ship an item after the payment has been received? A) bid luring B) bid shielding C) nonshipment D) shipping fraud E) payment failure 62) If a companys Web site is listed in the sponsored list of a search engine, the search engine receives revenue on a ________ basis. A) pay-per-click B) pay-per-sale C) click-through D) pay-per-conversion E) click-per-visit 63) Under the ________ pricing model, the firm running the advertisement pays only when a Web surfer actually clicks on the advertisement. A) pay-per-refresh B) pay-per-sale C) pay-per-click D) pay-per-conversion E) click-per-visit 64) Click-through rate reflects ________. A) the ratio of surfers who visited the Web site divided by the number of surfers who clicked on the ad B) the ratio of surfers who click on an ad divided by the number of times it was displayed C) the percentage of visitors who actually perform the marketers desired action D) the ratio of surfers who clicked on the ad divided by the number of people who made the purchase E) the ratio of surfers who visited the Web site divided by the number of people who made a purchase 65) ________ allows individual Web site owners to post companies ads on their pages. A) Bum marketing B) Stealth marketing C) Viral marketing D) Buzz marketing E) Affiliate marketing 66) In a ________, a site hosting an advertisement creates fake clicks in order to get money from the advertiser. A) competitive click fraud B) irate click fraud C) network click fraud D) shill click fraud E) dedicated click fraud 67) MakeYourClick is an online ad agency that is known for its ability to create ads which lure customers to purchase. Brenda, an ex-employee of the firm, was fired from the agency on baseless grounds. An angry Brenda inflates MakeYourClicks online advertising cost by repeatedly clicking on the advertisers link. Brenda has committed ________. A) competitive click fraud B) irate click fraud C) network click fraud D) shill click fraud E) dedicated click fraud 68) ________ is used in order to have small, well-defined tasks performed by a scalable ad hoc workforce of everyday people. A) Nearshoring B) Insourcing C) Offshoring D) Crowdsourcing E) Homesourcing 69) ________ is an example of m-commerce. A) e-auctions B) e-tailing C) e911 D) e-filing E) e-integrating 70) Which of the following is an argument against digital rights management? A) It encourages unauthorized duplication. B) It enables publishers to infringe on existing consumer rights. C) It discourages publishers to control their digital media. D) It inhibits online transactions in the industry. E) It restricts copyright holders to minimize sales losses. 71) E-filing is an example of a ________ tool. A) government-to-citizen B) consumer-to-consumer C) government-to-government D) consumer-to-business E) business-to-business Chapter 5: Enhancing Collaboration Using Web 2. 0 1) Which of the following is a basic concept associated with Web 2. 0? A) shift in users preference from online sites to encyclopedias as sources of unbiased information B) shift in users role from the passive consumer of content to its creator C) shift in users interest from sharing information o finding information D) shift in users lifestyle due to increased purchasing power E) shift in users preference to environment-oriented products 2) Which of the following is a consequence of the use of social software? A) People are using encyclopedias as sources of unbiased information. B) People are using environmentally-friendly products. C) People have increas ed purchasing power. D) People are sharing more personal information. E) People have become passive consumers of content. 3) The use of ________ within a companys boundaries or between a company and its customers or stakeholders is referred to as Enterprise 2. . A) Web 1. 0 techniques and intranet B) extranet and intranet C) Web 2. 0 techniques and social software D) extranet and Web 1. 0 techniques E) social software and extranet 4) Which of the following statements is true about Web 1. 0? A) It helps users share information. B) It helps users find information. C) Users rule these applications. D) Users receive and give recommendations to friends. E) It helps connect ideas and people. 5) A major benefit of social software is the ability to harness the wisdom of crowds, which is also referred to as ________. A) collaborative filtering B) preference elicitation C) creative commons D) consensus democracy E) collective intelligence 6) The concept of ________ is based on the notion that distributed groups of people with a divergent range of information and expertise will be able to outperform the capabilities of individual experts. A) cognitive dissonance B) creative commons C) collective intelligence D) consensus democracy E) preference elicitation 7) Which of the following statements is true about a discussion forum? A) It started out as a novices way of expressing themselves using very simple Web pages. B) It is the process of creating an online text diary made up of chronological entries that comment on everything. C) Rather than trying to produce physical books to sell or use as gifts, users merely want to share stories about their lives or voice their opinions. D) It is dedicated to a specific topic, and users can start new threads. E) It enables a person to voice his/her thoughts through short status updates. 8) Which of the following statements is true about blogs? A) They emulate traditional bulletin boards and allow for threaded discussions between participants. B) They allow individuals to express their thoughts in a one-to-many fashion. C) They are dedicated to specific topics, and users can start new threads. D) They are moderated so that new postings appear only after they have been vetted by a moderator. E) They enable people to voice their thoughts through short status updates. 9) Which of the following Web 2. 0 applications has been classified as the amateurization of journalism? A) blogs B) discussion forums C) social presence tools D) instant messaging E) online chats 10) Keith Norat, the Chief Technology Officer of Kender Internationals, relies on blogs while making decisions. In his words, Blogs are an important part of our purchase decisions. In todays environment, blogs provide diverse information that help us to make good decisions. Which of the following is an underlying assumption? A) Information in blogs is accurate. B) Some of the blogs are not written well. C) Blogs are company sponsored. D) Professional bloggers rely heavily on advertisements to sustain their operations. E) Blogs lead to the amateurization of journalism. 11) Which of the following explains the term blogosphere? A) the movement against blogs B) the amateurization of blogs C) the revolution against microblogging D) the community of all blogs E) the movement against discussion forums 12) Social presence tools are also known as ________ tools. A) social bookmarking B) instant chatting C) microblogging D) videoconferencing E) geotagging 13) Which of the following facilitates real-time written conversations? A) instant messaging B) discussion forums C) status updates D) blogs E) tagging 14) ________ take the concept of real-time communication a step further by allowing people to communicate using avatars. A) Blogging B) Microblogging C) Instant messaging D) Discussion forums E) Virtual worlds 15) Which of the following statements is true about virtual worlds? A) It allows people to communicate using avatars. B) Small firms have not been successful in consumer-oriented virtual worlds. C) It is designed for short status updates. D) It is the process of creating an online text diary made up of chronological entries that comment on everything. E) Large companies have been able to realize the potential of consumer-oriented virtual worlds. 16) The network effect refers to the notion that the value of a network is dependent on ________. A) the speed of the network B) the number of other users C) the knowledge of the users D) the commitment of the users E) the technical expertise of the moderators 17) ________ is a cooperative Web 2. 0 application making use of the network effect. A) Media sharing B) RSS C) Tagging D) Instant messaging E) A discussion forum 18) ________ is the distribution of digital media, such as audio or video files via syndication feeds for playback on digital media players. A) Narrowcasting B) Crowdsourcing C) Blogging D) Netcasting E) Phishing 19) Podcasting is a misnomer because podcasts ________. A) are concerned with the dissemination of information to a narrow audience B) cannot be played on Apples iPods C) are not related to distribution of digital media for digital devices D) are concerned with outsourcing tasks to a large group of people or community E) can be played on a variety of devices in addition to Apples iPods 20) Social bookmarking allows users to share Internet bookmarks and to create categorization systems. These categorization systems are referred to as ________. A) tag clouds B) podcasts C) folksonomies D) geospatial metadata E) microblogs 21) Which of the following statements is true about social bookmarking? A) It is the distribution of digital media. B) It allows netcasters to publish and push current shows to the watchers/listeners. C) It allows people to communicate using avatars. D) It allows users to create folksonomies. E) It allows users to post short status updates. 22) ________ is the creation of a categorization system by users. A) Social cataloging B) Podcasting C) Social blogging D) Netcasting E) Crowdsourcing 23) ________ refers to manually adding metadata to media or other content. A) Phishing B) Tagging C) Crowdsourcing D) Podcasting E) Netcasting 24) Which of the following statements is true about tagging? A) It is the rocess of creating a categorization systems by users. B) It is the process of distributing digital media for playback on digital media players. C) It is the process of adding metadata to pieces of information. D) It is the process of of creating avatars and syndication feeds. E) It is the process of creating an online text diary. 25) ________ refer(s) to a way of visualizing user generated tags or c ontent on a site. A) Crowdsourcing B) Tag clouds C) Phishing D) Podcasting E) Pharming 26) Which of the following is one of the uses of geotagging? A) to use avatars while chatting online B) to create categorization systems for social cataloging C) to know the location of a person sending out a breaking news update D) to create folksonomies for social bookmarking E) to use syndicate feeds while sharing media 27) Which of the following is an example of synchronous communication? A) online reviews B) work flow automation systems C) intranets D) videoconferencing E) collaborative writing tools 28) Which of the following is an example of asynchronous communication? A) group calendars B) videoconferencing C) online chatting D) shared whiteboards E) electronic meeting support system 29) Which of following factors differentiates asynchronous communication from ynchronous communication? A) language B) network speed C) coordination in time D) expertise E) distance 30) In todays business environment, project teams comprise highly specialized members, many of whom are not colocated. ________ are comprised of members from different geographic areas. A) Work groups B) Virtual teams C) Work teams D) Task forces E) Command groups 31) Which of the following is an electronic communication tool that allows users to files, documents, and pictures to each other and share information? A) e-mail B) instant messaging C) application sharing D) electronic calendars E) knowledge management systems 2) Which of the following is an electronic conferencing tool that facilitates information sharing and rich interactions between users? A) e-mail B) wikis C) blogs D) instant messaging E) online document systems 33) Which of the following is a collaboration management tool that is used to facilitate virtual or colocated meetings ? A) Internet forums B) videoconferencing C) wikis D) fax E) intranets 34) Web-based collaboration tools ________. A) allow for easy transferability from one person to another B) have well-documented procedures for system complexities C) reduce the risk of exposing sensitive corporate data D) require users to frequently upgrade their software E) are complex and time-consuming to learn 35) Which of the following statements is true about Gmail? A) It is an enterprise-level collaboration tool that allows users to create group Web sites and share team information. B) It allows users to select a custom domain name for an additional fee. C) It allows users to share events and subscribe to public calendars for new events. D) It is an instant messaging client. E) It is an online office suite comprised of a spreadsheet application, a word processor, and a presentation application. 6) Which of the following Google Apps is an instant messaging client? A) Gmail B) Google Calendar C) Google Talk D) Google Sites E) Google Docs 37) ________ is an online office suite comprised of a spreadsheet application, a word processor, and a presentation application. A) Gmail B) Google Talk C) Google Sites D) Google Calendar E) Google Docs 38) Which of the following statements is true about Googl e Sites? A) It is an enterprise-level collaboration tool that allows users to create group Web sites and share team information. B) It allows users to select a custom domain name for an additional fee. C) It allows users to share events and subscribe to public calendars for new events. D) It is an instant messaging client. E) It is an online office suite comprised of a spreadsheet application, a word processor, and a presentation application. 39) A(n) ________ system allows users to publish, edit, version track, and retrieve digital information. A) social presence B) collective intelligence C) application sharing D) content management E) peer production 40) Which of the following statements is true about content management systems? A) It is the creation of goods or services by self-organizing communities. B) The creation of the goods or services is dependent on the incremental contributions of the participants. C) It allows the assignment of different roles for different users. D) Anyone can help in producing or improving the final outcome. E) It is a family of syndication feeds used to publish the most current blogs, podcasts, videos, and news stories. 41) Which of the following is the responsibility of an administrator in a content management system? A) editing the content into a final form B) managing account access levels to the digital information C) sharing team information D) publishing new information E) creating database applications 42) ________ is the creation of goods or services by self-organizing communities. A) Peer production B) A folksonomy C) Creative commons D) Groupware E) Social software 43) Which of the following statements is true about peer production? A) The creator is responsible for publishing new information. B) Only editors have the right to develop new content. C) It is also known as enterprise content systems. D) Anyone can help in producing or improving the final outcome. E) The guest is a person who can only view the digital information. 44) Which of the following occurs during wiki wars? A) editors do not agree with the creators of the content B) participants debate on a particular topic before creation C) administrators refuse to publish a creators content D) guests edit the creators content without permission E) contributors continuously edit or delete each others posts 45) ________ is a phenomenon where companies use everyday people as a cheap labor force. A) Nearshoring B) Phishing C) Crowdsourcing D) Narrowcasting E) Pharming 46) ________ enables people to work in more flexible ways on a variety of Internet-related projects. A) E-filing B) E-auction C) E-tailing D) E-lancing E) E-timing 47) ________ sites create social online communities where individuals with a broad and diverse set of interests meet and collaborate. A) Crowdsourcing B) Social cataloging C) Social networking D) Social bookmarking E) Media sharing 48) Which of the following statements is true about viral marketing? A) It uses the network effect to increase brand awareness. B) It uses everyday people as a cheap labor force. C) It is the dissemination of information to a narrow audience. D) It enables people to work in more flexible ways on a variety of Internet-related projects. E) It is used to market a product without the audience realizing it. 49) Which of the following is a critical factor in the success of a viral marketing campaign? A) restricting access to viral content B) doing what the audience expects C) making sequels D) restricting easy distribution E) distributing products for free 50) ________ attempts to provide relevant search results by including content from blogs and microblogging services. A) Social search B) OpenSearch C) Enterprise search D) Metasearch E) Netsearch 51) Which of the following statements is true about Real Simple Syndication (RSS)? A) It is used to increase brand awareness through the network effect. B) It is used to disseminate information to a narrow audience. C) It is used to market the product without the audience realizing it. D) It is used to enable people to work in more flexible ways on a variety of Internet-related projects. E) It is used to publish the most current blogs, podcasts, videos, and news stories. 52) For companies operating in the digital world, online collaboration with suppliers, business partners, and customers is crucial to being successful. ________ allow(s) data to be accessed without intimate knowledge of other rganizations systems, enabling machine-to-machine interaction over the Internet. A) Web services B) Widgets C) RSS feeds D) Social search E) Peer production 53) Android is a Web service hosted by Google to ________. A) create customized search features B) build mobile phone applications C) manage personal calendars D) integrate Googles mapping system into Web sites E) allow us ers to build applications that work with multiple social communities 54) Which of the following statements is true about widgets? A) They can be placed on a desktop, but cannot be integrated into a Web page. B) They can integrate two or more Web services. C) They are created by the integration of Web services and mashups. D) They are small interactive tools used for a single purpose. E) They can be integrated into a Web page, but cannot be placed on a desktop. 55) Together, Web services and widgets enable the creation of ________. A) protocols B) mashups C) codecs D) folksonomies E) tag clouds 56) Which of the following statements is true about a mashup? A) It is a small interactive tool used for a single purpose. B) It is used to increase brand awareness through the network effect. C) It is the process of allowing companies to use everyday people as a cheap labor force. D) It is used to disseminate information to a narrow audience. E) It is an application or a Web site that integrates one or more Web services. 57) Which of the following is a reason for the development of semantic Web? A) Web pages can be understood by people but not by computers. B) Users should be able to use any device in any network for any service. C) Users give a lot of unnecessary personal information to social networking sites. D) Widgets cannot be integrated into Web pages. E) Users are skeptical while making purchases online due to the fear of getting cheated. 58) Which of the followings is NOT true about an Enterprise 2. strategy? A) Web 2. 0 sites base their success on user-driven self-expression. B) Enterprise 2. 0 applications are not suited to traditional top-down organizational structures. C) Enterprise 2. 0 applications should be driven by a specific usage context. D) Organization-wide Enterprise 2. 0 implementations typically need changes in terms of organizational culture. E) Within organizations, the critical mass needed for an Enterprise 2. 0 application is often easily achieved. 59) Enterprise 2. 0 is likely to fail if ________. A) an organizations workforce is dominated by baby boomers B) an organization has a flat organizational hierarchy C) an organization emphasizes open communication D) an organizations workforce is dominated by millennials E) it is integrated well with an organizations existing information systems infrastructure Technology Briefing: Foundations of Information Systems Infrastructure Networks, the Internet, and Databases 68) ________ is a computer networking model in which multiple types of computers are networked together to share data and services. A) Centralized computing B) Mainframe computing C) Task computing D) Distributed computing E) Serial computing 9) A(n) ________ is a computer network that spans a relatively small area, allowing all computer users to connect with each other to share data and peripheral devices, such as printers. A) enterprise network B) wide area network C) campus area network D) local area network E) value-added network 70) A(n) ________ is a wide area network connecting disparate networks of a single organization into a single network. A) value-added network B) global network C) enterprise network D) local area network E) personal area network 71) ________ are private, third-party-managed medium-speed WANs that are shared by multiple organizations. A) Value-added networks B) Enterprise networks C) Global networks D) Local area networks E) Personal area networks 72) A(n) ________ is an emerging technology that uses wireless communication to exchange data between computing devices using short-range radio communication, typically within an area of 10 meters. A) value-added network B) local area network C) personal area network D) enterprise network E) campus area network 73) ________ are network services that include the storing, accessing, and delivering of text, binary, graphic, and digitized video and audio data across a network. A) Print services B) File services C) Message services D) Application services E) Software services 74) The high-speed central networks to which many smaller networks can be connected are known as ________. A) last-mile networks B) ISPs C) Internet exchange points D) private branch exchanges E) backbones 75) Which of the following wireless communication technologies uses high-frequency light waves to transmit data on an unobstructed path between nodes—computers or some other device such as a printer—on a network at a distance of up to 24. 4 meters? A) Bluetooth B) wireless LAN C) high-frequency radio D) infrared line of sight E) microwaves WLANs based on a family of standards called 802. 11 are also referred to as ________. A) Bluetooth B) wireless fidelity C) ethernet D) personal area networks E) infrared line of sight 77) Which of the following is a characteristic of terrestrial microwave communication? A) high attenuation B) speeds up to 16 Mbps C) low expense D) high susceptibility to eavesdropping E) low electromagnetic interference 78) ________ is the set of rules that governs how a given node or workstation gains access to the network to send or receive data. A) Media access control B) Logical link control C) Hypertext transfer protocol D) File transfer protocol E) Internet control message protocol 79) ________ is a commonly used method of random access control, in which each workstation listens to traffic on the transmission medium (either wired or wireless) to determine whether a message is being transmitted. A) Code division multiple access B) Carrier sense multiple access C) Hybrid coordination function D) Group packet radio service E) Point coordination function 80) In a(n) ________ network all nodes or workstations are connected to a central hub, or concentrator, through which all messages pass. A) ring B) bus C) star D) mesh E) tree 81) Which of the following network topologies is capable of covering the largest distance? A) star network B) bus network C) ring network D) mesh network E) tree network 82) Which of the following statements is true of a bus network topology? A) A bus network has the most complex wiring layout. B) Extending a bus network is more difficult to achieve than it is for other topologies. C) A bus network topology enables all network nodes to receive the same message through the network cable at the same time. D) The configuration of bus networks facilitates easy diagnosis and isolation of network faults. E) In a bus network, every computer and device is connected to every other computer and device. 83) As per the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which of the following layers defines the way data is formatted, converted, and encoded? A) application layer B) transport layer C) presentation layer D) data link layer E) session layer 84) According to the OSI model, the ________ layer defines the protocols for structuring messages. A) physical B) session C) transport D) data link E) network 5) According tot he OSI model, the physical layer defines ________. A) the protocols for data routing to ensure that data arrives at the correct destination B) the way data is formatted, converted, and encoded C) the mechanism for communicating with the transmission media and interface hardware D) the way that application programs such as electronic mail interact with the network E) the protocols fo r structuring messages 86) A ________ is a device that converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals so that telephone lines may be used as a transmission medium to send and receive electronic data. A) modem B) LAN card C) network adapter D) PCI connector E) USB port 87) A ________ is a PC expansion board that plugs into a computer so that it can be connected to a network. A) transceiver B) multiport repeater C) cable router D) network interface card E) modular connector 88) A(n) ________ is a piece of networking hardware that manages multiple access points and can be used to manage transmission power and channel allocation to establish desired coverage throughout a building and minimize interference between individual access points. A) router B) wireless controller C) network switch D) modem E) network interface card 89) Which of the following entities is responsible for managing global and country code top-level domains, as well as global IP number space assignments? A) American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) B) World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) C) Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) D) Internet Governance Forum (IGF) E) European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) 90) Which of the following Internet connectivity technologies enables data to be sent over existing copper telephone lines by sending digital pulses in the high-frequency area of telephone wires? A) integrated services digital network technology B) digital subscriber line technology C) dial-up service technology D) cable modem technology E) fiber to the home technology 91) Computers working as servers on the Internet are known as ________. A) network adapters B) modems C) network switches D) Ethernet hubs E) Internet hosts 92) A(n) ________ is a unique identifier that should be created and used when designing a database for each type of entity, in order to store and retrieve data accurately. A) foreign key B) surrogate key C) primary key D) superkey E) candidate key 93) In which of the following database models does the DBMS view and present entities as two-dimensional tables, with records as rows, and attributes as columns? A) relational database model B) hierarchical database model C) network database model D) object-oriented database model E) semantic database model 94) ________ is a technique to make complex databases more efficient and more easily handled by the DBMS. A) Assertion B) Exception handling C) Normalization D) Model elimination E) Structural induction

The Effect Of Race On Poverty

The Effect Of Race On Poverty Racism has existed throughout human history, and it continues to represent significant problems for many people in the United States today. Racism is the belief that ones race is primarily, the determining factor that reflects human traits and capacity. Racist ideology generally supports the premise that a particular race is either superior or inferior to another, and that a persons social and moral traits are predetermined by his or her inborn biological characteristics. The distinction of racial differences, gives way to the belief of an inherent superiority of a particular race(s), while simultaneously ordering other races in a hierarchy. Institutional racism causes large numbers of individuals, who are deemed inferior, to be denied even basic rights or benefits befitting mankind. Conversely, the group that is deemed superior has, historically, been elevated to positions that allow them to enjoy preferential treatment over the so called inferior group(s). Why do people from one so cial group oppress and discriminate against people from other social groups; and why is it so difficult to eliminate? The purpose of this study considers if racial discrimination continues to represent a significant problem for African Americans and other ethnic minorities in the U.S. Some race theorist feel compelled to assert the rather pessimistic view that racism is permanent, and even the use of politics and policy will not curtail the development of racial distinction and antagonisms. Racial inequality has become an enduring, deeply regimented means of knowing and organizing the social world, and thus it is unlikely to be completely eliminated. The Black experience in the United States has enriched the fabric of American history and society in a myriad of ways, many of which have only recently been recognized. However, the overarching theme of Black and other minority group experience has been one of misery, exploitation, inequality, and discrimination. It is to this end, that those who wish to understand the minority experience in America ask the following question: Are minorities making progress in the United States? Recent battles regarding civil rights and race discrimination in the United States were fought on two fronts legal, and the publics perception of race. Legal fronts consisted of lawsuits and amended legislation prompted institutions such as schools, banks, and government agencies to lessen race discrimination. Brown vs. the board of education, the civil rights act of 1964/65, and other subsequent battles brought race discrimination to the attention of the American public. The former front involves the publics perception of race. Henry and Sears (2002) argue that public sentiment concerning African Americans is governed by a psychological blend of negative feelings and conservative values, particularly the belief that African Americans violate cherished American values. The perception of African Americans is rooted in an abstract system of early learned moral values and ideas that typically view them as social misfits. Racial conflict has plagued the United States from its inception, in particular it has been primarily driven by racial prejudice of African-American (Allport, 1979). While overt forms of racial discrimination, such as Jim crow segregation has all been eliminated in the United States, and whites opinions regarding racial issues have become more liberal; nevertheless, racial discrimination remains a significant difficulty for many ethnic minority groups to contend with in the United States. Moreover, recent research shows that racism has evolved from these overt forms of Jim Crow segregation (older belief systems which incorporated social distance between the races). One form of research has developed around the basic idea that new forms of racism has taken root in America, is the symbolic racism theory (Sears, 1988). According to Kender and Sears (1981) symbolic racism is commonly described as a coherent belief system which supports concepts that, racial discrimination is no longer a valid point of contention for African Americans, and that their disadvantage stems from personal irresponsibility, and thus their continual demand for equal treatment is not valid. Proponents of liberal optimism, on the other hand, contend that viable solutions to our nations race problems are possible. Robert parks (1950) clearly articulate key concepts of a race relation cycle. Parks argues that race relations develop in a four cycle stage: contact, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation. The first stage occurs when two or more different races of people come together, and they are obliged to interact with each other. Competing for scarce resources, they fall into conflict, which eventually gives way to accommodation, where a stable but antagonist social order fosters a social hierarchy. Finally, Parks asserts that accommodation is attained when different races assimilate through a process of cultural and physical merging. The end result of such a merger is the development of one homogenous race, where class supersedes race as the primary focal point of social distinction. Parks ascertain that race relations invariably pass through the previously mention fo ur stages, and that the present location of particular race of people, offers strong evidence to suggest not only their past but also the future path that a particular race of people will encounter. Our society, like many others throughout the world, is organized by powerful dynamics that are often very difficult to interrupt. Privilege is a predictable precursor for such things as race distinction, because the privileged group must distinguish itself from other groups. Distinctions based on race may not always be carried out with malicious intent, however, to suggest that the effects of such characterizations are inconsequential, definitely deserves examination. But, how are we to understand the realities that both produce such distinctions and the ensuing consequences that they invariably produce? Do we view them as purely accidental, or as oddities that simply seem to happen? Or is race, in fact, reflective of designed dynamics that are sown into the very fabric of our society? III. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Does race affect income equality? In theory, income does affect the quality of life, in terms of having resources to insure ones success. The concept of income level should demonstrate rather racism remains a significant barrier for the economic advancement of African Americans and other minorities in the U.S. The issues here that are under consideration do not dispute the fact that the position of African Americans and other minorities has changed in the last generation; rather it is the less traceable issue of whether these changes can be summed-up as measurable improvement of economic equality, and consequently an improvement in the quality of life of minorities in the United States. The social economic status of Caucasians (the comparison group), African Americans, and other minorities African Americans and other minorities will be compared to discovery which group, on average, has a total family income below 25, 000 dollars. The context of relative total family income level of, individuals in a particular race, demonstrates to what degree, if any, racial equality has been achieved by considering which group is more likely to live in poverty. IV. DATA AND VARIABLES In order to empirically examine rather race remains a significant barrier for the equality of ethnic minorities in the United States, this researcher uses General Social Services (GSS) data. The GSS were designed as part of a data diffusion project in 1972. The GSS replicated questionnaire items and wording in order to facilitate time trend studies. This data collection includes a cumulative file that merges all data collected as part of the General Social Services Surveys from 1972 to 2004. The 2004 survey was composed of permanent questions that appeared on two out of every three surveys and a small number of occasional questions that occurred in a single study. The DEPENDENT VARIABLE Income Level A comparative level of income between Caucasians (the comparison group), African Americans and other ethnic minorities over time will demonstrate rather racism remains a central hindrance to the advancement of minorities in the United States. That is, I hypothesis that Caucasians will show a higher mean income from that of minorities and, therefore, a lowered propensity for having a total family income of 25,000 dollars or less. If racial equality is present between races, then, we can expect to see a somewhat uniform distribution of income between the different ethnic groups, and an average number of people in different races, living in poverty. However, if we see a significant difference between mean incomes of different ethnic groups, then, we assume that there is no real equality. The continuous variable income was converted to a dichotomous variable (because of a skewed distribution of income) where if respondents total family income is 25,000 or less, then they are considered t o live in poverty; conversely, if the respondents total family income was above 25,000 dollars per year, then they are coded as not being in poverty. Income level is measured by the GSS variable (VAR: INCOME). Respondents were asked, In which of these groups did your total family income, from all sources, fall last year before taxes that is? A fifteen point response category was used to capture respondents answers: under $1,000; $1000 to 1,999; $2,000 to 2,999; $3,000 to 3,999; $4,000 to 4,999; 5,000 to 5,999; $6,000 to 6,999; $7,000 to 7,999; $8,000 to 8,999; $9,000 to 9,999; $10,000 to 14,999; $15,000 to 19,999; $20,000 to 24,000; $25,000 or over; refused; dont know, no answer; not applicable. The variable INCOME was converted into a dichotomous variable: 1) 1= living in poverty (income $25,000 or less) 2) 0= not living in poverty (income above $25,000). THE KEY INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Race The mere distinction of individuals by race invariably gives way to the belief that slight biological differences between certain groups of people predetermines the worth, intelligence, value, and other aspects of a persons being. As a consequence, race distinction, is typically followed by the formation of preset stereotypes regarding a particular group of people, and the creation of a racial hierarchy. Distinction by race has been the catalyst, throughout mans history, for wars as well as hate-crimes, and it has caused untold human suffering not only in the U.S., but indeed, throughout the entire world. It is this authors hypothesis that race continues to plague minorities in the U.S. Race is measured by the GSS variable (VAR: RACE). Respondents were asked, What race do you consider yourself? Respondents were asked to select their appropriate race from a three-point scale: White, Black, or other (specify). The key independent variable RACE was dichotomized as follows: 1) Black or not, and 2) Other race or not. THE INDENENDENT VARIABLES: The independent variables in this study are: Age, Sex, Education, religion, political affiliation, and years of education and training. Age It is my hypothesis that the working age of an individual will be positively correlated with a higher mean income. That is, when people begin to work they will often start at the low end of the pay scale in their respective occupations. However, as they gain more experience on the job, their worth to their employer increases, and thus they can demand higher incomes. Age is measured by the GSS variable (VAR: AGE). Respondents were asked to indicate their age by selection from the approximate eight point choice category. The categories are listed as follows: 10-19 years of age (y.o.a.), 20-29 (y.o.a.), 30-39 (y.o.a.), 40-49 (y.o.a.), 50-59 (y.o.a.), 60-69 (y.o.a), 70-79 (y.o.a), 80 or over, and No answer/dont know. REMARKS: Respondents age: Data has been recoded into actual age in cols. 92 and 93. See Appendix D, and Appendix E. Age distribution, for the detailed response. The distribution for the first digit, col. 92 is given below. See Appendix N for changes. SEX Not only is income level stratified along racial dement ions, but, also by gender. Traditionally, the U.S. has always exercised patriarchal domination, and, as such men have characteristically held more prestigious employment positions that typically pay more. Therefore, I hypothesize that the mean income of men will be higher than that of women. Gender is measured the GSS variable (VAR: SEX). Code respondents sex, they were asked to indicate their gender by using the following two point response category: Male, Female; Male=1, female=2. Education Level I hypothesize that higher individual levels of education will be positively correlated with higher a mean income. Individuals who have higher levels of education will be more valuable to their employers because of special training, job skills, and knowledge allows them to perform specialized tasks. Education is measured by the GSS variable (VAR: DEGREE). Respondents were asked, What is your highest level of education? Respondents were asked to select their appropriate education level from a six-point scale which is listed as follows: 1) Less than high school, 2) High school, 3) Associate/ junior college, 4) Bachelors, 5) Graduate, and 6) Dont know. Religion Raised with I hypothesize those individuals who were raised in families that regularly attended religious services as children will have a stronger work ethic, than those who did not, consequently, those individuals who were raised with religion will possess a higher mean income than those respondents who were not raised in a family that attended religious services. Religion is measured by using the GSS variable (VAR: RELIG16). Respondents were asked, In what religion were you raised? Respondents were asked to select the religion they were raised in by making a selection from the following five-point choice selection category: Protestant, Catholic, Jewish, none, other (specify religion, and/or church denomination. The variable RELIGION was dichotomized as follows: 1) Jewish or not, 2) Catholic or not, 3) Protestant or not 4) Other religion or not, and None or not raised with any religion, is the comparison group. Political Affiliation I hypothesize those respondents who are republicans (who typically hold more traditional values) will be more positively correlated with higher mean income levels than those of other political affiliations. Political affiliation is measured using the GSS Variable (VAR: PARDYID). Respondents were asked, Generally speaking do you usually think of yourself as Republican, Democrat, Independent, or what? The variable PARDYID was dicothomised as follows: 1) Democrat or not 2) Independent or not 3) Other political party or not. Hypothesis 1: Is there any significant gap in the income of African Americans and other minorities compared to those of Caucasians in the United States, and what ethnic minorities are more likely to live under the poverty level? If we find that a particular ethnic group is more likely to live in poverty compared to Whites, then, one might conclude that racism continues to remain a significant obstacle for the economic advancement of the aforementioned minority groups. In addition to race, this study will also consider the impact of age, gender, religion, political affiliation, educational attainment, and the number of years spent obtaining formal education and training, with respect to relative income and those who live in poverty. Poverty is defined as the total family income level of respondents that falls at or under 25,000 annually. V. THE FINDINGS Frequency Distribution of the D.V. and the Key I.V. The main hypothesis of this paper singles out the dependent variable as total family annual income (VAR: INCOME), this continuous variable was converted into a dichotomous variable: 1) respondents whose total family income was 25,000 dollars or less are considered to be in poverty, and they were coded as 1; and 2) those respondents whose total family income is above 25,000 dollars were coded as 0and they are considered not in poverty. There was a total of 2,812 respondents.1, 764 respondents (71.1%) reported that their total family income was $25,000 or more (not in poverty), and 718 (28.9%) reported that their total family was income was below $25,000 (in poverty), and 330 (11.7%) respondents showed missing data for this question. The Key Independent Variable Race The key independent variable for this study is race (VAR: RACE), and this nominal variable was dichotomized as follows: 1) Black or not, 2) Other race or not (White is the comparison group). The frequency distribution for Black or not is as follows: there was a total of 2,812 respondents in this study, 377 of whom (13.4%) reported that they were Black, 2,482 respondents indicated that they were not Black, and 333 respondents failed to answer the question. The frequency distribution for Other race or not is as follows: 2812 respondents took part in the survey, and 201 persons reported that their race was Other (7, 1%), and 2,611 respondents reported that their race was not Other. Chart 1 Chart 2 Calculate Univariate Statistics. The dependent variable INCOME was converted to a dichotomous variable (in poverty or not) and it has a frequency of 2482, a mean of 0.2893, and a standard deviation of 0.45352. Most respondents in the survey had incomes that were 25,000 or more (not in poverty). The key independent variable RACE was dichotomized as follows: Black or not, and Other race or not (Whites are the comparison group). The frequency for Black or not is 2812, with a mean of 0.1341, and a standard deviation of 0.34079. The frequency for Other race or not is 2812, with a mean of 0.0715, and a standard deviation of 0.25767. AGE has a frequency of 2803, a mean of 45.96, and a standard deviation of 16.1801. RESPONDENTS SEX has a frequency of 2812, a mean of 1.54, and a standard deviation of 0.498. RS HIGHEST DEGREE has a frequency of 2811, a mean of 1.61, and a standard deviation of 1.207. RELIGION IN WHICH RAISED was dichotomized as follows: 1) Jewish or not, 2) Catholic or not, 3) Protestant or not, and 4) Other religion or not (No religion is the comparison group). Jewish or not has a frequency of 2809, a mean of 0.0228, and a standard deviation of 14924. Catholic or not has a frequency of 2801, a mean of 0.2960, and a standard deviation of 45656. Protestant or not has a frequency of 2801, a mean of 0.5598, and a standard deviation of 49650. Other religion or not has a frequency of 280, a mean of 0.0421, and a standard deviation of 20092. PARTYID was dichotomized as follows: 1) Democrat or not, 2) Independent or not, and 4) Other political party (no political affiliation is the comparison group). Democrat or not has a frequency of 2800, a mean of 0, 3425, and a standard deviation of 0.47463. Independent or not has a frequency of 2800, a mean of 0.3539, a standard deviation of 0.47827. Other political party or not has a frequency of 2800, a mean of 0.0104, and a standard deviation of 0.10126. Pearsons Correlation Analysis As hypothesized Pearsons correlation supports the premises that the total family income of Blacks, on average, is likely to fall at or below 25,000 dollars (poverty). Pearsons correlation is 0.175 (very significant); therefore we reject the null hypothesis, and accept the alternative. That is, there is a significant difference between the average total families incomes of Blacks compared to Whites. Other races appeared to earn slightly more that Whites. Pearsons correlation for Other is -0.003. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis for Others, and conclude that there is no significant difference between the average total family incomes of others as opposed to Whites. Pearsons correlation for income and other political party is -0.029, indicating a slight decrease in the number of other political party members who have a total family income of 25,000 dollars or less. Therefore, we fail to reject the null, and conclude that other political party affiliation does not significantly affect the total family income of these respondents, as opposed to Republicans. Pearsons correlation between poverty and Democrats show .064. Therefore, we reject the null, and accept the alternate hypothesis; Democrats are significantly more likely to show a family income of 25, 0000 or more a year. Democrats are less likely to have a total family income of 25,000 dollars or less. Pearsons correlation between Independent party and poverty is -0.064, which is significant, therefore we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. Independent party membership has a significant affect on poverty. That is Independent party members are more likely to have total family incomes of 25,000 dollars or less. Pearsons correlation between the Jewish religion and poverty is -.052 which is significant. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis, and accept the alternative hypothesis. We conclude by stating that respondents who are Jewish are more likely to have a totally family income that is above 25,000 dollars. Pearsons correlation for Catholics is -0.55 which is significant. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis, and conclude that Catholics are less likely to show a total family income of less than 25,000 dollars. Pearsons correlation for Protestants is -0.028 which is insignificant. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis, and reject the alternative hypothesis. We conclude that respondents who are Protestant are not likely to have incomes below 25, 0000 dollars. Pearson correlation between other religions and poverty is 0.017 which is statistically insignificant. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis, and reject the alternative hypothesis. Respondents who coded as having Other political affiliation are not likely to have total family incomes below 25,000 dollars. Likelihood Ratio Chi-Sq. 390.482** Nagelkerke R-Square .2093 *P