The African American experience in colonial and antebellum North Term Paper

The African American experience in colonial and antebellum North America - Term Paper Example Food was scarce and even opted to eat corpses. Mostly, slaves came from Africa, the Caribbean and South America and by 1619; there were more than a million slaves in Virginia (Zinn 4). The whites and the Indians practiced their culture while the Africans were humiliated, and their culture was deemed to be inferior. Ironically, the African civilization was at par to that of Europe in terms of technology. Since slaves were treated harshly, they started rebellions that were crushed mercilessly. We are told that even some of the offenders were burnt alive and some hanged (Zinn 8). Later on, the black slaves and white servants started colluding to cause mayhem but those caught were equally punished. Racial discrimination is evident in this article because whites were considered superior to blacks hence given privileges like ownership of weapons and enough food. During this time, slaves also started demanding for their freedom (Zinn 12). The antebellum period was a time of slavery in North America whereby discriminatory laws were in place. Despite the existence of this laws, the African Americans were allowed to participate in societal duties. The black men were allowed to enlist themselves into the army that fought the 1812 American revolutionary war. In relation to these laws, Englishmen were not allowed to marry a Negro woman. However, if by chance an Englishman committed fornication with a Negro man or woman, he was fined (Bacon 42). On the other hand, non-Christians who were brought to the United States by land or sea and were not considered free (Bacon 42). IN this era, nobody was allowed to buy anything from a slave. Any woman who was a slave and conceived a child while serving her master was fined thousand pounds of tobacco. The child father was required to provide security to the church wardens of the parish where the child shall be taken care of and any complaints from the wardens reported to the

Small Group Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Small Group Team - Essay Example A team that has historically been known for its slick passing game, Arsenal, an English football club based in London have recently come under a lot of scrutiny for underperforming, for which miscommunication amongst the players has been cited as a major issue. Having seen a season where they remained unbeatable and were crowned the champion of English football in 2003/2004, Arsenal has been devoid of any silverware in English football since 2005. The period following their epoch of glory has been marked by established players leaving the club and new faces coming in. This reshuffling has resulted in a lag in performance as it has taken time for the new players to settle in. On the 26th of February Arsenal’s match against Tottenham Hotspurs provided some interesting insight on the team’s communication dynamics. Even though Arsenal won the game 5-2, a number of gaps were evident in the team dynamics that the squad needs to work on. .   Arsenal’s performance in r ecent times has been marred by a lack of leadership, especially after a number of star performers had left. This lack of a figurehead has been clinical in Arsenal’s poor performance this season. ... Before their match with Tottenham, the team was seen warming up on the ground. A particular pattern was noticeable, about half of the team was warming up around the captain in the form of a circle and all of them were facing him. Even though this practice was individual in nature as every player was warming up on his own yet their positions unintentionally reaffirmed their faith in their captain. This was followed by the captain dispatching instructions and sharing a strategy with all the players. Interestingly, the captain had 2 or 3 senior players standing by his side while having the pre-match team talk with the younger players. When the match started Arsenal conceded two quick goals, both of them caused by defensive lapses. After the first goal one of the senior defenders was seen talking loudly to one of the younger players, while the goal keeper looked at his defenders frustratingly with his hands on his back. This behavior was noticeable especially among the senior-to-junior p layer interaction and continued till Arsenal leveled the scores and the team got a necessary morale boost. The captain’s behavior during all of this offers a different perspective, he was seen patting the head of the young player as a sign of encouragement and constantly trying to lift the team spirit up by chanting cheers. As a positive, the players were seen lauding each other after a good tackle was made or a close shot on goal was attempted. It is important to understand that football being a team game requires equal amounts of effort and commitment from each player. A weak link can cause the whole team’s efforts to go in vain. This is perhaps why some of the more experienced players are seen castigating some of the more ambitious young players

Features of a Successful Brand

Features of a Successful Brand The word brand is derived from the Old Norse brandr, meaning to burn. It refers to the practice of producers burning their mark (or brand) onto their products. A brand is the identity of a specific product, service, or business. A brand can take many forms, including a name, sign, symbol, color combination or slogan. A brand represents many more intangible aspects of a product or service: a collection of feelings and perceptions about quality, image, lifestyle and status. It creates in the mind of customers and prospects the perception that there is no product or service on the market that is quite like yours. In short, a brand offers the customer a guarantee and then delivers on it. A legally protected brand name is called a trademark. The word brand has continued to evolve to encompass identity it affects the personality of a product, company or service. For a successful brand there are lot many thing to do that are as follows: First of all you should know about the market that are you are going to target also a very clear idea about which target segment you are eyeing. People usually think that making a brand is just having a logo, tagline, and business card; youve completed your branding. But, unless youve carefully considered and defined ALL five of the key brand elements-position, promise, personality traits, story, and associations-you still have work to do. And, until youve infiltrated your brand into every level of your organization and built the discipline of consistency into every behavior, action, or communication-both internally and externally-you are not yet on the path to a successful brand strategy. Five Key Brand Elements Brand Position: Positioning is the art of creating a brand that can persuade and realistically demonstrate its relevance to a customers daily life to become his or her regular choice. The Brand Position is the part of the brand that describes what your organization does and for whom, what your unique value is and how a customer benefits from working with you or your product/service, and what key differentiation you have from your competition. Positioning is not created by the marketer or the individual brand itself, but by how others perceive it. Marketers dont create the positioning; rather, they create the strategic and tactical suggestions to encourage the customer to accept a particular positioning in his or her mind. For instance, bread and milk are not branded items, and despite companies push to try and brand the two products, no company has found much success building brand equity. When customers want either one of those staple items, they usually choose what is on sale or w hat is available on their local grocers shelves. Beer and cola, on the other hand, are heavily branded product categories: Consumers have formed a relationship with and will search out their preferred brands. To position your offering properly, you need to identify the key attributes or benefits that represent the value of your product or service. That will, in turn, create trust in your brand. As you begin to understand the relationship that your customers have with your brand, you will be able to more efficiently meet their needs, wants and desires through your brand. Brand Promise: The Brand Promise is the single most important thing that the organization promises to deliver to its customers-every time. To come up with your brand promise, consider what customers, employees, and partners should expect from every interaction with you. Every business decision should be weighed against this promise to be sure that a) it fully reflects the promise, or b) at the very least it does not contradict the promise. Benefits need to be backed with some sort of persuasive reason to believe the products hype. Many times, products or services have some formula or patent that is unique from all the other brands out there. Why do we trust Pantene shampoo, for instance? Because we believe in the brands revolutionary Pro-V formula that leaves hairs strong and healthy. Why do we believe Secret antiperspirant will keep women smelling sweet? Because its pH balanced for a woman, and not a man. Ask yourself: What promises are you making about your brand? Can my products or services follow through on those promises? Brand Personality: Brands that carry with them a true persona, and the beliefs and experiences similar to a personality make a brand rise to a new level. After all, its hard not to like someone with a good personality. In matters of branding, a personality helps to humanize an otherwise inanimate object or service so that a prospects defenses are lowered. An attractive brand personality can pre-sell the prospect before the purchase, reinforce the purchase decision, and help forge an emotional link that binds the buyer to the brand for years to come. In such cases, you are more willing to overlook flaws and search for strengths. A brands personality can offer the single most important reason why one brand will be chosen over another, particularly when there are few product or service features that are different between competing brands. The personality gives the consumer something to relate to that can be more vivid than the perceived positioning of the brand. Although a strong ident ifiable personality is not imperative, it can make it easier for customers and prospects alike to understand what the marketer has to offer. Even more important, a brand with a distinctive personality presents the would-be buyer with something he or she can relate to as an individual, a practical prerequisite for success in an increasingly individual-driven marketplace. Personality is usually shown in three ways. Provider-driven Provider-driven images are popular with services because there is a greater need to build confidence between the provider and seller since there is usually an intangible product on the table. Brands that lean heavily on the provider image include insurance companies and financial institutions. Prudentials The Rock and Allstates Youre in good hands, show that the brand is trustworthy and their brands reflect the same attitude. Image of the user Other brands like to show that the people who use the brands are people that you could be friends with, relate to, or want to be like. Many companies with branded products geared toward Generation X and Y use this tactic. However, these generations are also skeptical of marketers and are keenly aware of when a brand is targeting them. Image of the product or service As strange as it may sound; packaged products often take on a personality that consumers can relate to. Whether through a mascot or an animated figurine, products come to life to give consumers more than just a brand to trust, but also a face. For instance, the Pillsbury Doughboys laugh reinforces that the product will make your family feel good. Brand Story: The Brand Story illustrates the organizations history, along with how the history adds value and credibility to the brand. It also usually includes a summary of your products or services. The story and meaning of your brand is its most valuable and irreplaceable asset. Great brands large or small have a story that conveys both a truly valued attribute and an attitude which in combination sets them apart. You can rarely make up a great brand story, its usually already there. Our role is to uncover that story for you, bring it to life and then integrate it throughout your business. Most brands today dont have the financial muscle to buy awareness or market share and operate in arenas where consumers are no longer spectators. Instead they are constituents that ask increasingly tougher questions of brands. This makes it critical to ensure that brands not only encapsulate a business or products unique story but also work as hard as possible at every touch point. Brand Story has a wealth of experience gained from working with blue chip top 100 company brands to absolute start-ups and were equally comfortable and motivated in both scenarios. Brand Associations: Brand Associations are the specific physical artifacts that make up the brand. This is your name, logo, colors, taglines, fonts, imagery, etc. Your brand associations must reflect your brand promise, all of your brand traits, and support your brand positioning statement. Brand Associations are not benefits, but are images and symbols associated with a brand or a brand benefit. For example- The Nike Swoosh, Nokia sound, Film Stars as with Lux, signature tune Ting-ting-ta-ding with Britannia, Blue color with Pepsi, etc. Associations are not reasons-to-buy but provide acquaintance and differentiation thats not replicable. It is relating perceived qualities of a brand to a known entity. For instance- Hyatt Hotel is associated with luxury and comfort; BMW is associated with sophistication, fun driving, and superior engineering. Most popular brand associations are with the owners of brand, such as Bill Gates and Microsoft, Reliance and Dhirubhai Ambani. Brand associations are formed on the following basis: Customers contact with the organization and its employees; Advertisements; Word of mouth publicity; Price at which the brand is sold; Celebrity/big entity association; Quality of the product; Products and schemes offered by competitors; Product class/category to which the brand belongs; POP ( Point of purchase) displays; etc One Mantra Once youve developed and defined a relevant brand, you must begin building the brand with employees, customers, prospects, partners, etc. through consistent execution. Repetition is the key to the success of the branding process. Now after building up of your brand you must check out these three things at regular interval of time and that is your employee, customers services that you are offering. Because building up of any brand your employee play a very vital role. No one, including your employees, will ever really know or remember what your brand is, unless it is the same every time they are exposed to it. They only present your brand to the customers by direct conversation. If your product is good enough then customers will come again again and also convey the same to their friends relatives. Whether it is planned or not, word of mouth is well worth the effort it takes to generate it. Word of mouth is still considered the most potent marketing communication of all because its dispensed by the most credible sources of all ordinary citizens who dont carry a built-in bias of commercial sponsors. When your company is lucky enough to be the beneficiary of word of mouth, your identity problems may be over, and your capacity problems may just be beginning.

THE APPLICATION OF GOLDRATT?S THINKING Essay -- essays research papers

Allied Academies International Conference page 9 Proceedings of the Academy of Strategic Management, Volume 2, Number 2 Las Vegas, 2003 THE APPLICATION OF GOLDRATT’S THINKING PROCESS TO PROBLEM SOLVING Lloyd J. Taylor, III, P.E., Ph.D., University of Texas taylor_l@utpb.edu R. David Ortega, University of Texas ABSTRACT The â€Å"Thinking Process† as introduced Dr. Eliyah Goldratt, in The Goal and further expounded upon in, It’s Not Luck, is based on the Socratic teaching method of if †¦then reasoning. This type of deductive reasoning is extensively used in the field of medicine, in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and for determining clinical pathways and other fields of science. Even though medical professionals find it easy to map out the cause and effect relationships when dealing with a disease process, few have explored the benefits of using their highly developed intuitive thinking skills in the area of solving problems in management. This paper will detail the use elements of the Thinking Process, as outlined by Dr. Goldratt, in an attempt to elicit a logical, comprehensive solution to a multifaceted, intricate problem. INTRODUCTION The emphasis of this paper concerned it’s self with the Thinking Process brought to light, by Elli Goldratt. Goldratt feels that companies should not be broken up to create efficiencies at any part of production. He suggests that by disturbing a link in the chain of production one could cause problems with production (Goldratt 1992-c). GOLDRATT AND THE THINKING PROCESS In the 1980’s, Dr. Eliyahu Goldratt [1992-c], a physicist, wrote a book entitled â€Å"The Goal.† In his book, Goldratt relates the story of an embattled plant manager searching for ways to improve plant performance. With the help of an old college professor, the plant manager not only learns how to improve the performance of his plant but also a new method of identifying and resolving problems. Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints (TOC) focuses on the efficiency of all processes as a whole rather than the efficiency of any single process. The principles of the Theory of Constraints and the Thinking Process are not new to the world. They have been used for many years in the sciences and medicine. What is new is the fact that Goldratt has applied the process to manufacturing and other areas of the business world. Dettmer [1998], Lepore and Cohen, [1999] and Roybal, B... ... Haven Connecticut. Goldratt, E. M., (1992-a), "An Introduction to Theory Of Constraints: The Production Approach," Avraham Y. Goldratt Institute. Goldratt, E. M., (1992-b), "An Introduction to Theory Of Constraints: THE GOAL APPROACH," Avraham Y. Goldratt Institute. Goldratt, E. M., (1992-c), The Goal, (2nd revised edition), Massachusetts, North River Press. Goldratt, E. M., (1993) "What Is The Theory Of Constraints?" APICS The Performance Advantage, June 1993. Goldratt, E. M., (1994), It’s Not Luck. Massachusetts: North River Press. Lepore, D., and Cohen O., (1999), â€Å"Deming and Goldratt, The Theory of Constraints and the System of Profound Knowledge,† Great Barrington, MA, North River Press Publishing Co. Rack, Kevin, (1992), â€Å"Using The Theory of Constraints The Systems Thinking Approach† Managing Change Inc, December, pp.1-20. page 14 Allied Academies International Conference Las Vegas, 2003 Proceedings of the Academy of Strategic Management, Volume 2, Number 2 Roybal, H., Baxendale, S.J., and Gupta, M., (1999), â€Å"Using Activity-Based Costing and Theory of Constraints to Guide Continuous Improvement in Managed Care,† Managed Care Quarterly, 7, 1-10. THE APPLICATION OF GOLDRATT?S THINKING Essay -- essays research papers Allied Academies International Conference page 9 Proceedings of the Academy of Strategic Management, Volume 2, Number 2 Las Vegas, 2003 THE APPLICATION OF GOLDRATT’S THINKING PROCESS TO PROBLEM SOLVING Lloyd J. Taylor, III, P.E., Ph.D., University of Texas taylor_l@utpb.edu R. David Ortega, University of Texas ABSTRACT The â€Å"Thinking Process† as introduced Dr. Eliyah Goldratt, in The Goal and further expounded upon in, It’s Not Luck, is based on the Socratic teaching method of if †¦then reasoning. This type of deductive reasoning is extensively used in the field of medicine, in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and for determining clinical pathways and other fields of science. Even though medical professionals find it easy to map out the cause and effect relationships when dealing with a disease process, few have explored the benefits of using their highly developed intuitive thinking skills in the area of solving problems in management. This paper will detail the use elements of the Thinking Process, as outlined by Dr. Goldratt, in an attempt to elicit a logical, comprehensive solution to a multifaceted, intricate problem. INTRODUCTION The emphasis of this paper concerned it’s self with the Thinking Process brought to light, by Elli Goldratt. Goldratt feels that companies should not be broken up to create efficiencies at any part of production. He suggests that by disturbing a link in the chain of production one could cause problems with production (Goldratt 1992-c). GOLDRATT AND THE THINKING PROCESS In the 1980’s, Dr. Eliyahu Goldratt [1992-c], a physicist, wrote a book entitled â€Å"The Goal.† In his book, Goldratt relates the story of an embattled plant manager searching for ways to improve plant performance. With the help of an old college professor, the plant manager not only learns how to improve the performance of his plant but also a new method of identifying and resolving problems. Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints (TOC) focuses on the efficiency of all processes as a whole rather than the efficiency of any single process. The principles of the Theory of Constraints and the Thinking Process are not new to the world. They have been used for many years in the sciences and medicine. What is new is the fact that Goldratt has applied the process to manufacturing and other areas of the business world. Dettmer [1998], Lepore and Cohen, [1999] and Roybal, B... ... Haven Connecticut. Goldratt, E. M., (1992-a), "An Introduction to Theory Of Constraints: The Production Approach," Avraham Y. Goldratt Institute. Goldratt, E. M., (1992-b), "An Introduction to Theory Of Constraints: THE GOAL APPROACH," Avraham Y. Goldratt Institute. Goldratt, E. M., (1992-c), The Goal, (2nd revised edition), Massachusetts, North River Press. Goldratt, E. M., (1993) "What Is The Theory Of Constraints?" APICS The Performance Advantage, June 1993. Goldratt, E. M., (1994), It’s Not Luck. Massachusetts: North River Press. Lepore, D., and Cohen O., (1999), â€Å"Deming and Goldratt, The Theory of Constraints and the System of Profound Knowledge,† Great Barrington, MA, North River Press Publishing Co. Rack, Kevin, (1992), â€Å"Using The Theory of Constraints The Systems Thinking Approach† Managing Change Inc, December, pp.1-20. page 14 Allied Academies International Conference Las Vegas, 2003 Proceedings of the Academy of Strategic Management, Volume 2, Number 2 Roybal, H., Baxendale, S.J., and Gupta, M., (1999), â€Å"Using Activity-Based Costing and Theory of Constraints to Guide Continuous Improvement in Managed Care,† Managed Care Quarterly, 7, 1-10.

Is mass tourism good for Kenya? Essay

Mass tourism is tourism on a large scale, involving large numbers of visitors resulting in great concentrations of hotels and other tourist facilities. Countries which are mass tourist hotspots tend to be in the Development or Consolidation stages of the Butler Life Cycle Model. Kenya has recently become a major tourist destination for a variety of reasons. Kenya is located in mid-eastern Africa, meaning that it has a tropical climate. However, due to its elevation, the temperature tends to be moderate, meaning that the country is very attractive to British tourists. In addition to this, Kenya, being a former British colony, has long-standing ties to Britain, and as a result of this, a large quantity of the Kenyan population can speak English, meaning that Kenya is an even more accessible holiday option for the British people. This, in combination with the Kenya being situated on the Great Rift Valley, resulting in stunning scenery and diverse wildlife makes Kenya an even more attractive tourist destination. Because of this, Tourism is the largest income earner in Kenya, creating many jobs such as for hotel staff, waiters in restaurants and bartenders at bars, airport staff and tour operators, who all make a living off tourism, and in turn, the government can earn more money off taxes from these people, and also, increased business means that the government can earn more from airport tax. This puts in place a positive multiplier effect meaning that the influx of 11% of all paid employment in Kenya is in the tourism sector and 21% of foreign exchange earnings in Kenya are also due to tourism. Furthermore, some of this money gained from tourism, as well as donations from tourists are used to protect endangered wildlife in reserves such as the Masai Mara reserve and is used to fund the building of infrastructure in places such as Bamburi Nature Trail near the tourist hotspot Mombasa and to aid the development of medical facilities and schools in the area. Increased tourism in the area also promotes awareness and understanding of the culture and endangered wildlife in the game reserves. Tourism also brings business to other related economic sectors and is overall beneficial to Kenya’s economy. However, there are also some downsides. Many of the jobs created are poorly paid, unreliable and only get business during popular months. In addition, much of the money from tourism is lost via leakage to the large business hotel operators, package holiday organisers and airlines, and therefore, only 15% of the income actually reaches Kenya. In nature reserves and game parks, there are many negative environmental and social impacts of mass tourism. The vehicles that the tourists travel in often overcrowd the small dirt roads and the tour drivers often drive too close to the animals, causing damage to the grasslands and disturbing the animals’ living patterns. Moreover, to make way for the tourist areas, the Masai tribespeople have been evicted from their ancient homelands and moved to the less fertile, low quality land, which is a direct negative social impact of the Kenyan efforts to promote tourism. As a result of this, the Masai people have had to resort to methods of illegal smuggling and forceful money-grabbing techniques to earn money from the tourists. They have set up fake villages with the people doing fake traditional routines, charging tourists to visit them and even charging them for photos. Because these national parks are such attractive tourist destinations, they also result in overcrowding, as 90% of tourists visit the south and east of Kenya, resulting in an even larger impact and strain on the environment, infrastructure and resources in the area. In popular tourist seaside resorts such as Mombasa, swimsuit-wearing tourists wander about the streets, acting as a direct opposition to the strong Muslim following’s clothing traditions and beliefs. In addition to this, seaside tourists trample over the coral reefs in the area, killing the sensitive coral, and the increasing number of tour boats in the area drop their anchors onto the reef, further damaging it. Overall, I would say that Mass Tourism is not good for Kenya. Although the economic bonus is significant, and undoubtedly beneficial to Kenya, at this stage, despite efforts to make tourism more sustainable and environmentally-friendly, the large numbers of negative environmental and social impacts results in Mass Tourism in Kenya not being good for the country in the long term.

Child Prostitution is a Boon Not a Bane- a Satirical Disposition

Oh! What a fun! You would hear while entering into narrow dirty lanes of a small town of Thailand and you would be attracted by the men of higher disposition enjoying sex with young girls of not more than 10 to 12 years. It’s truly an enjoyment for not just locals but also tourists who are attracted and lured by these young girls who earn substantial revenue.For the poor of the underdeveloped nations, child prostitution can be a good solution to earn revenue and reduce their poverty.If each family out of 10,000 couples can bear at-least five girls each and are offered in a sex trade for at-least 10 dollars for one man then each family can earn 50 dollars from one man alone, and suppose if luck is showering smile on them then one girl can even seduce five men in a day to enjoy her lustrous body and that would bring her substantial income to sustain whole of their life.Child prostitution can become the most common economical indicator and can add to the National income of the so ciety, which is already in a great dwindling state and is already in debt. Here the direct role of the government can substantially give a tremendous boost to the child prostitution.Government can encourage the major players in the tourism industry like big hotels to give special tariffs in the form of young girls for the full enjoyment of single tourists who pay visit to their hotels and of-course with tax notwithstanding.This would bring them good revenue. It is a very good proposal for both the hotels and the government alike. The investment that is being promulgated on the education of girls will cost more than the investment that will be levied on the girls to make them prepare for the entertainment of tourists.The investment on the education of girls will only cost burden on the government’s exchequer without any substantial returns but if same amount of investment is levied on the girls to make them prepare for the sex traffic, then not only it would fill the governmen t’s exchequer, but it would also fill the sexual and financial appetite of government’s officers. In short, government should legalize the child prostitution not only for the economic benefit of the children, but also for the benefit of their family and for the benefit of whole society.Just imagine! So many people would be benefited from this prodigious proposition. Middle man who does the dealing of the girls, girl’s parents and their younger brothers who would get income for their studies, over and above it would maintain the traditional cultural of society whereby boys plays subordinate roles in the families. The standard of the living of the people would rise.Times reported, â€Å"inexpensive Iraqi prostitutes have helped to make Syria a popular destination for sex tourists from wealthier countries in the Middle East. In the club’s parking lot, nearly half of the cars had Saudi license plates.† (Fertik, Online Edition)In North America, country statistics reported 10,000 to 30,000 child prostitutes flourishing and majority of the approximate 10,000 children spending their lives in Toronto, Ontario are involved in the sex trade; yet another nation much smaller than America financially and in size seaming with military rule demonstrates sex trade among children in maximum number and ultimate beneficiaries are Burmese officials.As reported by Guardian on October 2007, its military ruled Burma where military officials would not tolerate any pro democratic demonstrations by Buddhist monks but tolerate 13 to 14 year old girls performing catwalk in front of their customers at night clubs easily available for sale at the rate of $100. (Doyle, Online Edition) If it is happening every where then why not it begins to be promulgated legally and openly.Sara, aged 20 years now is a rich girl with large fortunes and property at her disposal. Her occupation was neither modeling nor acting but prostitution in which she has been into since she was just twelve years, even though she is now affected with AIDS, and has been behind bars for four years and sexually exploited even by police officers, so what! At-least she is rich, has lot of money and luxuries at her disposal.Still governments of various nations have made child prostitution illegal and are sorting out various ways to the control this trade. They are constructing houses for children and starting educational training for parents to protect their children from this safe trade.But I would say by increasing the child trade would ultimately reduce it; as more of this trade would flourish, more children would get richer when they grow up and realize side effects resulting from this trade and would try to make their own children escape from the net work of this trade by educating them and making them more responsible citizens.Underdeveloped nations are marked by the increase in disparity between the rich and the poor owing to corruption and the solution to its prob lem lies with poor families themselves. With the strength of their girl child, they can reduce this disparity by increasing their income to considerable degree.The solution to the problem of poverty was also provided by Jonathan Swift in eighteenth century who like an expert fencer provided an ironical solution to the corruption and poor families of Ireland in his â€Å"A Modest Proposal†. To reduce the financial burden of the families, girl children are being sold to satisfy the sexual desire of the elite class; Swift with his powerful tool of irony wielded at the corrupt and the royal class most effectively yet with the most devastating effect.Swift proposed the poor families of Ireland to utilize the children to raise their income level. He suggested that if the cost of feeding one child for one year is two shillings, and if after one year child is sold to the English landlords, it would bring them the profit of eight shillings and this money can be used for buying food an d clothing to bear more children.These children can become delicacies for the men of fortune. They can eat them as roasted or fried dish. One body of a child can be eaten two times and it would be the most delicious dish and nutritious too. The skin of children can me made into gloves for ladies and summer boots for their children.   He seems to be making a fictive character to express himself in the most contradictory manner to the real cause.

Evidence Based Corrections essay

Evidence Based Corrections essay Evidence Based Corrections essay Evidence Based Corrections essayCommunity supervision can be viewed as an integral part of community based corrections since the instituting of probation more than 100 years ago. Evidence based principles in community based corrections are focused on promoting special programs that can help offenders to change their behavior, beliefs and values. According to Leanne Alarid and Rolando Carmen (2014),â€Å"most offenders can be effectively held accountable for their crimes at the same time that they fulfill legitimate living standards in the community† (p.1). Today many community corrections serve as to address a wide range of problems associated with offender accountability, offender risk/need reduction and safety issues. The strategies used to meet these needs include evidence-based practices, which mean that they require effective interventions for which â€Å"there is consistent and solid scientific evidence† (Alarid Carmen, 2014, p.1). According to researchers, more than a half million juveniles are under community supervision as a result of violent or delinquent behavior† (Borum, 2003, p.114), while the number of adult offenders under community supervision is larger. Researchers have found that treatment can reduce their risk of reoffending due to the application of effective interventions, focusing on criminogenic treatment targets and using the proper treatment strategies. To improve community based practices, it is necessary to conduct regular and developmentally informed risk an needs assessments using the proper assessment tools.The major goal of this paper is to analyze evidence based principles in community based corrections in the supervision of offenders. Special attention should be paid to the discussion about the case plan, targeting criminogenic needs through programming, and use of validated risk/needs assessment tools. It is necessary to consider using the â€Å"Eight Guiding Principles for Risk/Recidivism Reduction.†The case plan targeting criminogenic needs through programmingIn order to formulate effective case plan for offenders, it is very important to improve case management practices, which should be focused on the court requirements and the proper strategies to meet these requirements, involvement of relevant staff and services, identification of the level of agreement to achieve the established goals and improve the process of assessment and progress monitoring (Taxman Belenko, 2012).   Offenders require the individualized approach to providing community based practices because their risk levels are different. As a result, they may have different criminogenic needs. Special programs should be designed and implemented to addresses these needs (Borum, 2003; Singer et al, 2012).The term â€Å"criminogenic needs† can be defined as â€Å"attributes of offenders that are directly linked to criminal behavior† (Singer et al, 2012, p. 23). Criminogenic needs should be addressed by effective correctional treatment, which should be included in the development of a comprehensive case plan. In other words, if a treatment is not targeting criminological needs, it is considered to be counterproductive and ineffective. The case plan should target criminogenic needs through programming (Alarid Carmen, 2014).The National Institute of Corrections (NIC) has developed the proper strategies through the study of community corrections field. In 2004, the basic principles in evidence based practices were outlined to be use of corrections (DeLisi Conis, 2012). These eight guiding principles are considered to be effective in reducing offender risk and recidivism:First, assessment of actual risk/needs using the proper assessment tools or instruments (Taxman Belenko, 2012);Second, enhancement of intrinsic motivation in order to improve the outcomes of the selected interventions (Taxman Belenko, 2012);  Third, providing target interventions which should be based on:Risk Principle: selecting the proper supervision and treatment resources in order to address the needs of high risk offenders;Need Principle: the selected interventions should targeted to criminogenic needs;Responsivity Principle: it is required to be â€Å"responsive to temperament, learning style, motivation culture and gender when assigning programs† (Taxman Belenko, 2012, p. 47).Providing Dosage: it is necessary to â€Å"structure 40-70% of high risk offenders’ time for 3-9 months† (Taxman Belenko, 2012, p. 47);Providing Treatment Practices: it is necessarily to be focused on the integration of treatment into the full sentence requirements of offenders.Fourth, providing skill training with the directed practice through the application of the proper Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Methods;Fifth, increasing positive reinforcement;Sixth, engaging the ongoing support in natural communities;Seventh, providing the appropriate measurement feedback(Taxman Belenko, 201 2).For each of the above mentioned principles, specific procedures should be outlined and detailed practices should be described for effective implementation. According to researchers, these recommended principles for reducing offender risk and recidivism â€Å"recognize the difficulty and complexity of changing staff and agency culture and practice, and the multiple levels at which change may be needed† (Taxman Belenko, 2012, p. 47). It is necessary to pay due attention to offender level, agency level and system level. According to researchers, high risk offenders would benefit from cognitive behavioral programs, which help to meet the criminogentic needs like antisocial behavior and antisocial beliefs, problems with self- regulation and self-control, antisocial peers and personality traits. In general, implementing high quality case management plan requires the proper quality control practices, such as the appropriate administration of assessment tools, effective case plan ning practices, cognitive and behavioral programming, improved individual communication, and the use of risk reduction techniques (Taxman Belenko, 2012; Leukefeld et al., 2011).The use of validated risk and needs assessment toolsIt is necessary to use validated risks/needs assessment tools. Researchers believe that valid assessment of risk and needs helps to improve the efficiency of evidence based practices in community based corrections. It is crucial to provide the appropriate clinical information, which should be used in case planning (Alarid Carmen, 2014; Leukefeld et al., 2011). Although many researchers state that recent studies show considerable gaps in many community-based programs and practices and the use of the assessment tools that have been not validated, there are many positive outcomes that affect the quality of community based practices. The most popular tools include:The Risk and Need Responsivity Model is effectively used for offender assessment and service plan ning. This tool is based on personality and social psychology theory. This tool pays due attention to the assessment of individual characteristics of offenders that predict antisocial behavior, which leads to criminal activity (Leukefeld et al., 2011)Level of Supervision Inventory-R is an effective assessment tool that is used for classification and management of offenders in the community setting and in correctional institutions. The major goal of this tool is to be focused on theory (the R-N-R principles) in order to address the needs of offenders. This tool is comprised of several scales that help to measure different risk and needs areas: education opportunities, employment opportunities, criminal history, personal characteristics and attitudes, family conditions, accommodation quality, alcohol/drug abuse problems,   (Leukefeld et al., 2011).Wisconsin Risk/Needs Assessment Tool is one of the effective risk assessment tools, developed to meet the needs and requirements of commu nity based practitioners. This tool is based on the application of static risk factors, such as the age of an offender at his/her first conviction, the total number of supervision periods, the number of revocations, the number of changes in address information in the previous 12-24 months, etc. The information can be taken from the offenders’ investigation report (Leukefeld et al., 2011).According to researchers, â€Å"given that the purpose of a risk assessment instrument is to differentiate offenders by low, medium and high risk, a good assessment instrument can correctly do this significantly better than chance† (Alarid Carmen, 2014, p. 95). Well-developed case management systems help the staff members to provide effective supervision practices based on the proper risk and needs assessment tools.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that community supervision is an integral part of community based corrections. It h as been found that offenders benefit from community supervision much more than from incarceration. There are eight guiding principles for reduction of offenders’ risk/recidivism, which include increasing positive reinforcement, effective skill training with directed practice, target interventions, enhancement of intrinsic motivation, risks and needs assessment, feedback measurement, measurement of relevant practices, and providing engaged support in community. When focusing on the assessment of risk and needs of offenders, the proper assessment tools should be selected to improve community based practices, including therapeutic treatment interventions.

Reverse logistics systems for end-of-life computers in Sydney †Computer Engineering Research Paper

Reverse logistics systems for end-of-life computers in Sydney – Computer Engineering Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Reverse logistics systems for end-of-life computers in Sydney Computer Engineering Research Paper Computers, with dramatically increased number and even shorter product life cycle, have become a serious problem in modern society. According to a report by the National Safety Council (Hamilton, Anita, 2001), some 500 million PCs will be rendered obsolete by 2007 in the U.S. alone, which have been abandoned by users who have upgraded to faster and sexier machines. The disposal of EOL computers incur much attention mainly because they contain many hazardous materials which will do damage to environment if not properly treated. Other concerns include legislation pressure, availability of landfill, company competence, pressure from consumers and profit pursuit. The recycling of the EOL computers, which requires a comprehensive reverse logistics system to support it, is proposed as the best available way now to solve this problem. A recent study by Murphy and Poist (2000) revealed that recycling materials, reducing consumption, and reusing materials are the three most commonly utilized green logistics strategies. Therefore, it incurs a need to develop a reverse logistics system to collect and then either refurbish or recycle the computers. The aim of this proposed research is trying to utilize qualitative methodology to examine the current reverse logistics system of Sydney to recycle and/or refurbish end-of-life computers that are deemed no longer useful by their owners, and then provide suggestions for further improvement. The research will concentrate on solving problems in Sydney, which has different situation with U.S.A., Europe and Asia. The main issues included in the proposed research are as follows: How the current reverse logistics system for computer recycling works in Sydney? How many parties are involved in this system? Who affords the logistics cost? What is the relationship between public system and private system? What are the impediments of this system? How we can learn the best practices or draw lessens from other countries? How we can improve the system? Introduction Some literatures have done research about reverse logistics system for EOL computer recycling. Some are conceptual models, which derived from the literature review. Others are developed from the real-world practice in certain country or area. Within them, two are mentioned here as an introduction. The first one is a conceptual model designed by A.Michael Knemeyer etc., which Integrates the factors impacting the design and implementation of a reverse logistics system specifically for EOL computers. This model pays particular attention to the specific activities needed to handle EOL computers and considers how the internal and external factors may impact the economic viability of the system. Shown in figure 1, he model outlines both external and internal factors that can affect the reverse logistics process in general and for EOL computers in particular. Consistent with Carter and Ellram, the proposed model incorporates both competitive and regulatory factors affecting the external environment. It goes on to examine other factors affecting the success of the operation from a self-contained perspective as well. These internal factors include identification and acquisition of product supply (EOL computers) from various entities including both the private and commercial sector as well as residential sector. The model then looks at the inbound processing aspect of reverse logistics. In this case, a decision whether the products should be recycled, (dismantled) or refurbished needs to be made. The processed output can then be sold to targeted customer segments or disposed of as waste. A key premise of the proposed process model is the ability of the system to aggregate the ne cessary supply of recyclable EOL, transport that material in a cost-effective and efficient manner to a central point for processing and then sell the output of this process to targeted markets where demand exists. Figure 1: Proposed model of reverse logistics system for EOL computers The second one describes the current scrap computer recycling system in Taiwan. Ching-Hwa Lee etc (2000) developed a flowchart to show the current the current scrap computer recycling system in Taiwan. This chart focuses on the relationship among the participants of EOL recycling rather than the detailed processing approach. It also mentioned the scrap computer processing fees. It is estimated that approximately 300,000 scrap personal computers are generated each year in Taiwan (S.-L.Chang, 1998). The disposal of such a huge number of scrap computers presents a difficult task for the island due to the scarcity of landfills and incineration facilities available locally. Therefore, the EPA of Taiwan declared scrap personal computers the producer’s recycling responsibility as of July 1997. As shown in the flowchart (see figure 2), several participants are involved in the process of EOL recycling, which can be divided into four categories: Government: EPA and SCM Foundation Public and consumers Computer manufacturers and importers Service providers: financial organization, collection point and storage yard management service providers, third-party auditors. Computer manufacturers and importers will afford the fees while SCM Foundation is the organizer. Consumers are rewarded money to bring their unwanted computers to designated collection points. Currently, the SCM Foundation plays an essential role in the scrap computer recycling system in Taiwan. On January 23, 1998, the Scrap Computer Management (SCM) Foundation was formally established by EPA in order to manage and implement the recycling of scrap computers in Taiwan. This foundation is a semi-official organization directly under the control of the EPA. Potential Outcome The potential outcome of the proposed research is an improved model designed for EOL computer recycling in Sydney, which is based on a comprehensive investigation of the current system. A flowchart will be drawn to describe the current system, attached with a detailed report to explain the flowchart. Impediments are pointed out and the new improved model will be established. The new model will integrate three basic elements: government, industry and consumers. The new model will also incorporate some best practices and lessons from other countries and areas. However, with particular situation in Sydney, the new model will try to adapt those initiatives to the specific environment of Sydney. The value of the model lies in that an effective an efficient reverse logistics system is the critical factor in solving the problem of EOL computer recycling. Methodology A qualitative research approach utilizing literature research, customer visit program and market research will be employed to carry out the proposed research. Step 1: The first half-year will be dedicated to literature research, which will help to learn more about computer recycling and reverse logistics. The related books, journals, websites are collected. The best practices world wide are studied and compared with Sydney. The first half-year will serve as knowledge preparation for the whole research. Step 2: The second half-year is assigned to do the preparation for the visit program and market research. During this period, the focus of the research will be diverted to Sydney. A plan is made to guide the visit program and market research. The potential visit objects, such as certain government departments, non-governmental associates, PC manufacturers, dealers, recycling company, reverse logistics company, second market, retailers, are specified. The research tries to hear voices from different perspectives. The visit program procedures and feasibility are considered carefully. The second half-year is a bridge leading to the substantial research. Step 3: The whole second year is allocated to do the visit program and market research. Different parties involved in the reverse logistics system will be visited in person. If personal visit is not available, postal questionnaire is accepted too. The design of the questionnaire is critically important, which decides if the visit program could extract useful information from the interviewees. It needs great patience and communication skills to finish the visit program. If possible, a market research will be done to learn more about the opinions from consumers who play an important role in the reverse logistics system. Without the active participation of consumers, all the recycling initiatives of EOL computers are difficult to realize. Step 4: The third year is used to synthesize and analyze the results of the visit programs and market research. A diagram is drawn to illustrate the flowchart of the current reverse logistics system. According to the bottleneck of the system, the research tries to work out some possible solutions or improvements to make the whole system more efficient and effective. A new model with new initiatives is designed specially for Sydney. The report will be finalized during this period. In sum, the proposed research will contribute to the computer recycling through designing a reverse logistics system to support it. The result of the research may help the computer industry and government regulators in the decision-making of how to implement environmental strategies. Reference Hamilton, Anita, 2001, How do you junk your computer, Time, 02/12/2001, Vol.157, Issue6, pp70 Murphy, P. and Poist R, 2000, Green logistics strategies: an analysis of usage patterns, Transportation Journal, Vol.40, No.2, pp5-17 Michael Knemeyer, Thomas G.Ponzurick and CyrilM.Logar, 2002, A qualitative examination of factors affecting reverse logistics systems for end-of-life computers, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, Vol.32, No.6, pp455-479 Craig R.Carter and Lis M.Ellram, 1998, Reverse logistics: a review of the literature and framework for future investigation, Journal of business logistics, Vol.19, No.1, pp85-102 Ching-Hwa Lee, Ssu-Li Chang, King-Min Wang, Lih-Chyi Wen, 2000, Management of scrap computer recycling in Taiwan, Journal of Hazardous Materials A73 (2000), pp209-220 Research Papers on Reverse logistics systems for end-of-life computers in Sydney - Computer Engineering Research PaperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaGenetic EngineeringNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

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Artificial System Of Sand Is Also Called The Mechanism Sand Essay The Anatolian Peninsula, Also Called Asia Minor, Is Bounded By The Black Sea To The North, The Mediterranean Sea†¦ Anatolian peninsula, also called Asia Minor, is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west, and the Sea of†¦ Premium Literature Of Region 7 Buyser-Aquino -Our Pride translated by Juliet B. Samonte -Letter to Pedro, U.S. Citezen, Also Called Pete by Rene Estella Amper -The Clay Pipe by Marcel M†¦ Premium Genres Of Literature or something and is not about that particular person or thing. * Letter to Pedro, US Citizen, Also Called Pete by Rene Amper viii. Narrative†¦ Premium An Analysis Of Letter Of Credit Operation In Nepal is an import LC while for the advising bank it is an export LC payment by means of letter of credit involves action between two banks, one in the importer’s country†¦ Premium Debate Argumentation and Debate Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making TWELFTH EDITION AUSTIN J. FREELEY Late, John Carroll University DAVID L†¦ Premium It ( International Technology) to monitor all your monthly financial statements, and call the appropriate company or bank immediately to report issues. Also, review your credit report each year†¦ Premium Wwasfasf Business Driven Information Systems Paige Baltzan Daniels College of Business, University of Denver Amy Phillips Daniels College of Business, University of†¦ Premium Codendma Countries of the world Population gures are based on 2002 estimates. Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia†¦ Premium English Novelists rich and famous. Pamela is written in a form of letters (epistolary novel) and it is also called Virtue Rewarded.Clarissa Harlow†¦ Premium Faizi invested, lent, or borrowed. 8the excess of a companys assets over its liabilities. 3 a capital letter. 2adj. 1 (of an offence or charge) liable to the death penalty†¦ Premium Environmental Converrastion summary particularly if you are sending your CV to recruitment agencies where a letter may become detached. You can also call this a career aim, profile or personal†¦ Premium Ptlls Assignments generation of: batch mailings using a form letter template and an address database (also called mail merging); indices of keywords and their page†¦ Premium The Concept Of Law recognition is more like a social practice than it is like a black letter rule of any sort. He also calls this fundamental rule. To follow and engage in the social†¦ Premium Random Spreadsheet Software data is organized in rows and columns, which collectively are called a worksheet. Database Software allows you to create and manage a database†¦ Artificial System Of Sand Is Also Called The Mechanism Sand. (2016, Apr 08). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

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Trust-Mart expansion on to UKs supermarket retail market - Assignment Example Competitive Strategy of Trust-Mart Since inception, Trust-Mart had showed immense growth in the retail supermarket industry. Trust-Mart operates in almost 20 areas of China. It has rapidly enhanced the number of outlets throughout China. Trust-Mart focuses on three strategies to compete in the supermarket retail environment [1] (Trust-Mart, 2011). Freshness: Trust-Mart aims to provide fresh products compared to other supermarkets in China. For maintaining freshness in its products Trust-Mart has enough employees in every department (production, marketing and distribution). By proper management, Trust-Mart is able to obtain food products quicker and much fresher. Cost: Trust-Mart strives to provide low cost for any products which makes the company a strong competitor in retail market environment of China. Trust-Mart provides impressive rate across various products. The rate of product does not affect the freshness of the products (Canton365, n.d.). Service: Trust-Mart has improved distribution network which initiates the company to provide right product to the people. Trust-Mart has experienced employees who know the needs and preferences of customers and thus provide products according to their choice. Providing better service is a competitive strategy for Trust-Mart which helps the company to make available the desired products to the customers. Michael Porter’s Generic Strategy Michael Porter had established generic strategy to identify a company’s competitive advantage. According to him a company can take three types of competitive strategies which are cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Fig 1: Porter’s Generic Strategy Diagram Source: (Provenmodels, 2011). Trust-Mart does not follow the focus strategy because the resources and assets of Trust-Mart allow it to compete on broader factors. Trust-Mart follows the differentiation strategy by making their products under their own brand name. Trust-Ma rt also follows the cost leadership strategy by providing inexpensive products to customers. Trust-Mart’s strong sales distribution makes it possible to gain cost advantage over other competitors. Critical Success Factors Core Competences For any company, the

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Nursing contribution to patient recovery from anaesthesia - Essay Example The key objective of nursing care during the post-anesthetic period is hence centered on ensuring safe recovery of patients following surgery, promoting optimum physical comfort to enable speedier healing among the patients, restoring homeostasis (Miller, 2010) and taking active steps to prevent and/or minimize injuries. Perianesthesia nurses are entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring that the patient recovers safely from anesthesia and are taken care of in the post anesthetic care unit. The patients recovering from anesthesia are highly vulnerable to various complications. The perioperative nurses must hence ensure to take into consideration the patient's age, anesthetic agents, individual health problems etc which may directly impact the post-operative care and give rise to complications such as the risk of hypotension, bronchospasm, etc (Iyer, Levin, and Shea, 2006). The post anesthesia care is typically divided into three phases which include: Phase 1: Early recovery PACU In this stage the patient is transferred from the OR (operating room) to the Post-anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and provided medical assistance immediately after the completion of a surgical procedure (Day, Paul, and Williams, 2009). This phase entails provision of intensive medical care to the patients which is the primary responsibility of the anesthesiologist or anesthetist (O'Connell et al., 2010). Phase 2: Self-care phase / Recovery room In this stage the patient is prepared for self-care or administered care in an extended care setting. The recovery stage may last for several days depending on individual circumstances of each patient (Day, Paul, and Williams, 2009). Phase 3: Discharge In this phase the patient is prepared for discharge from the hospital setting. This phase includes careful planning and handling on the part of the care givers which includes ensuring that the patient is fully restored to their pre-operative stage before discharge (Day, Paul, and Williams, 2009). F ig: Patient recovery from anesthesia – Recovery stage Source: Day, Paul, and Williams (2009: 501) The key role of nurses in ensuring effective recovery of patients from anesthesia is discussed in detail in the following section. Role of recovery nurse in ensuring patient recovery from anesthesia: One of the key requirements of ensuring effective patient recovery from anesthesia is to ensure that nurses have adequate knowledge and awareness regarding the patient's level of anesthesia since such awareness helps them to plan and develop appropriate safety measures (Spry, 2005). The perioperative or post-anesthesia care is one of the vital elements of nursing care. The traditional role and scope of recovery nursing has changed dramatically over the years with the result that the nurses today are required to provide high quality care and display advanced nursing skills with a view to ensure patient safety and speedier recovery. As the complexity of operating procedures increase, t he role of recovery nurses providing post operative care to patients recovering from anesthesia is becoming more and more challenging. The introduction of advanced surgical technology and anesthetic techniques have brought about significant revolutions in enhancing patient satisfaction and shifted the role of nurses from ensuring regular

Analysis of how Theories of Learning and Teaching have Impacted on Essay

Analysis of how Theories of Learning and Teaching have Impacted on Current Educational Practice - Essay Example In most cases, learning theories are based on two functions: (1) the first serves as a framework that provides people a specific set of vocabulary as a means to interpret observations; and (2) implications as to how one can find elucidation to realistic problems. It is important to note that these theoretical assumptions do not provide solutions to the complex process of learning, rather, it focuses on the key principles in which people must concentrate on and analyze as a means of identifying resolutions (Harlen, 2007). Learning Theories On the perspective of the academe, learning theories can be categorized into three groups, namely: behaviorist; humanistic; and cognitive. Learning theories classified under the behaviorist perspective tackles a personification of positivistic method towards learning that can be characterized as scientific or systemic. It mainly focuses on the objective approach in regards to the discernible facets of learning (Harlen, 2006). On the other hand, the humanistic approach is in accordance with one’s values, which serves as the driver that empowers and liberates an individual. The third type is cognitive, which can be considered as the staple form of learning through utilizing one’s mind (Vosniadou, 2001). ... The learning theory of constructivism lies between the humanistic and cognitive approach, as it involves the learner to generate new thoughts and concepts based on the information available (Hart, Dixon, Drummond & MacIntyre, 2004). Behaviorism This theory has been formulated by B.F. Skinner, elaborating on three principles in the aspect of learning which are as follows: (1) learning is associated with behavior modifications; (2) environment molds one’s behavior; and (3) learning is based on contiguity and reinforcement, basically focusing on the difference between the period of two conditions in order for a learning process to be established (Kim & Axelrod, 2005). The latter pertains to the events or actions that would increase the probability that a situation would happen again. In essence, this type of learning theory focuses on the premise that learning is the process of acquiring new behavior through the process of habituation or conditioning. Habituation can be classifie d into two types, which are (1) classical conditioning and (2) operant conditioning (Gibbons, 2004). The context of classical conditioning follows the premise that an individual’s behavior is a spontaneous effect to a stimulus. A stimulus triggers a specific response, and once this trigger is often repeated, it forms learning. An example of classical conditioning is the experiment carried out in regards to Pavlov’s dogs, wherein Pavlov identified that triggered the dog’s drooling (Harlen, 2006).Through assessing the correlation of the dog’s responses with specific factors, it was found that the dogs drooled when they knew that they were about to eat- which were initially triggered by the coat worn

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Developing Manager - Assignment Example In this respect, it can be recognised that the company follows transformational style of leadership and management However, in the present competitive business scenario, the company is identified to face different unavoidable challenges relative to its employment aspect, ineffective customer services, lack of appropriate advertisement and pricing policies. The company also faced immense challenges in meeting the requirements of disabled customers. In this regard, there are several management and leadership styles that can be adopted by the company in order to effectively deal with the identified challenges and issues. Few prominent leadership styles that can be integrated by the company are discussed below: Leaders following authoritarian leadership style develop effective policies and ensure that the employees conduct their operations in accordance with the formulated policies. The leaders develop policies along with procedures on the basis of which employees should be managed. Additionally, the leaders are also entrusted with the responsibility of determining that the objectives are accomplished suitably. The leaders scrutinise the activities of the employees and in this regard, the employees are unable to perform in an autonomous manner (SAGE Publications, 2012). Contextually, this leadership might be suitable for Ryanair as the leaders will possess utmost authority is devising policies, values, missions and visions that are to be accomplished in order to ensure that the company performs effectively along with better profitability. However, this leadership style is identified to develop hostile situation due to conflicts, employee turnover and guarded communication among others. Res pectively, this leadership style might not be efficient in improving the productivity of the company owing to the challenges it faces presently (Warrick,

Pressures for Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pressures for Change - Essay Example Barrett was barely a year old at the organization when America started the war on Iraq. This was in 2001. The war was solely a political move that had dire consequences on different aspects of the American economy. It strained the economy as more money was needed to fund the fight. In this case, the money could only be sourced from public fund which is tax collected. This resulted in a shift in the purchasing forms of most the American market. The war also affected international markets. For instance, sympathizers of the Iraqi government started discriminating against American products and Intel was one of the companies that felt the consequence of the discrimination. Intel manufactures computer chips and sells them off to other companies some of which are situated overseas (Palmer, Dunford & Akin, 2009). The poor performance following this had detrimental consequences on the firms’ standings at the stocks market since low sales meant lower profits resulting to low dividends t o its share holders. As a result, investors began shying off from Intel’s shares and this was to blame for the poorest price of twenty dollars that the company’s share got to by September 2001. This poor performance caused by the geopolitical factor needed effective change to reverse. It was a trend that could have seen this leading market player liquidated within the shortest period and the chief executive office Craig Barrett could not have known what would have hit him. Being the aggressive individual he was, he noticed the need initiate change and introduce a brand into the market that could sustain the buying trends at the time. It is with this in mind that he launched faster and smaller processors at lower prices. With this type of product, the firm shifted its market target from the high end citizens to the middle and low class who coincidentally formed the majority of the population. He also was forced to diversify the firm’s operation. He transformed th e company from merely making the microprocessors to a manufacturer of other information and communication appliances. In as much as the move to begin manufacturing other communication and information appliances was a good one, it was bound to impact negatively on the general sale of the firm’s products. Intel initially manufactured these micro chips and sold them to other manufacturers of ICT products such as Toshiba, Acer, and Hewlett Packer (HP). This meant that these other secondary firms would buy these chips in bulk and use them to manufacture their products. But since Intel would still reserve the copyright laws, they would always indicate that their products had Intel chips. This acted as a platform for further advertisement for Intel’s products. It is, therefore, only logical that when Intel began manufacturing such appliances as computers and mobile phones, it started competing for the very limited market with its former customers. This would not have been rec eived positively by these companies as they started treating Intel as a competitor and not a supplier. This further reduced the sales of the firm’s products and contributed to the poor price of the firm in the year 2001 and early 2002. With a poor performance, and the changes that the chief executive officer was making in the firm, the company was most definitely taking a newer shape. The

Analysis of how Theories of Learning and Teaching have Impacted on Essay

Analysis of how Theories of Learning and Teaching have Impacted on Current Educational Practice - Essay Example In most cases, learning theories are based on two functions: (1) the first serves as a framework that provides people a specific set of vocabulary as a means to interpret observations; and (2) implications as to how one can find elucidation to realistic problems. It is important to note that these theoretical assumptions do not provide solutions to the complex process of learning, rather, it focuses on the key principles in which people must concentrate on and analyze as a means of identifying resolutions (Harlen, 2007). Learning Theories On the perspective of the academe, learning theories can be categorized into three groups, namely: behaviorist; humanistic; and cognitive. Learning theories classified under the behaviorist perspective tackles a personification of positivistic method towards learning that can be characterized as scientific or systemic. It mainly focuses on the objective approach in regards to the discernible facets of learning (Harlen, 2006). On the other hand, the humanistic approach is in accordance with one’s values, which serves as the driver that empowers and liberates an individual. The third type is cognitive, which can be considered as the staple form of learning through utilizing one’s mind (Vosniadou, 2001). ... The learning theory of constructivism lies between the humanistic and cognitive approach, as it involves the learner to generate new thoughts and concepts based on the information available (Hart, Dixon, Drummond & MacIntyre, 2004). Behaviorism This theory has been formulated by B.F. Skinner, elaborating on three principles in the aspect of learning which are as follows: (1) learning is associated with behavior modifications; (2) environment molds one’s behavior; and (3) learning is based on contiguity and reinforcement, basically focusing on the difference between the period of two conditions in order for a learning process to be established (Kim & Axelrod, 2005). The latter pertains to the events or actions that would increase the probability that a situation would happen again. In essence, this type of learning theory focuses on the premise that learning is the process of acquiring new behavior through the process of habituation or conditioning. Habituation can be classifie d into two types, which are (1) classical conditioning and (2) operant conditioning (Gibbons, 2004). The context of classical conditioning follows the premise that an individual’s behavior is a spontaneous effect to a stimulus. A stimulus triggers a specific response, and once this trigger is often repeated, it forms learning. An example of classical conditioning is the experiment carried out in regards to Pavlov’s dogs, wherein Pavlov identified that triggered the dog’s drooling (Harlen, 2006).Through assessing the correlation of the dog’s responses with specific factors, it was found that the dogs drooled when they knew that they were about to eat- which were initially triggered by the coat worn

Pressures for Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pressures for Change - Essay Example Barrett was barely a year old at the organization when America started the war on Iraq. This was in 2001. The war was solely a political move that had dire consequences on different aspects of the American economy. It strained the economy as more money was needed to fund the fight. In this case, the money could only be sourced from public fund which is tax collected. This resulted in a shift in the purchasing forms of most the American market. The war also affected international markets. For instance, sympathizers of the Iraqi government started discriminating against American products and Intel was one of the companies that felt the consequence of the discrimination. Intel manufactures computer chips and sells them off to other companies some of which are situated overseas (Palmer, Dunford & Akin, 2009). The poor performance following this had detrimental consequences on the firms’ standings at the stocks market since low sales meant lower profits resulting to low dividends t o its share holders. As a result, investors began shying off from Intel’s shares and this was to blame for the poorest price of twenty dollars that the company’s share got to by September 2001. This poor performance caused by the geopolitical factor needed effective change to reverse. It was a trend that could have seen this leading market player liquidated within the shortest period and the chief executive office Craig Barrett could not have known what would have hit him. Being the aggressive individual he was, he noticed the need initiate change and introduce a brand into the market that could sustain the buying trends at the time. It is with this in mind that he launched faster and smaller processors at lower prices. With this type of product, the firm shifted its market target from the high end citizens to the middle and low class who coincidentally formed the majority of the population. He also was forced to diversify the firm’s operation. He transformed th e company from merely making the microprocessors to a manufacturer of other information and communication appliances. In as much as the move to begin manufacturing other communication and information appliances was a good one, it was bound to impact negatively on the general sale of the firm’s products. Intel initially manufactured these micro chips and sold them to other manufacturers of ICT products such as Toshiba, Acer, and Hewlett Packer (HP). This meant that these other secondary firms would buy these chips in bulk and use them to manufacture their products. But since Intel would still reserve the copyright laws, they would always indicate that their products had Intel chips. This acted as a platform for further advertisement for Intel’s products. It is, therefore, only logical that when Intel began manufacturing such appliances as computers and mobile phones, it started competing for the very limited market with its former customers. This would not have been rec eived positively by these companies as they started treating Intel as a competitor and not a supplier. This further reduced the sales of the firm’s products and contributed to the poor price of the firm in the year 2001 and early 2002. With a poor performance, and the changes that the chief executive officer was making in the firm, the company was most definitely taking a newer shape. The

Mass and Energy Balance Essay Example for Free

Mass and Energy Balance Essay Abstract The objective is to produce a proposal for a chemical process plant which will be able to produce 550,000 tonne/year ammonia using LPG as the raw material. Different processes where researched and then finally one was picked, steam reforming. This was decided to be the most viable and cost effective process using the raw materials we had available. The report explains in detail how the process works and all aspects of how the plant will work including the mass and energy balance across the plant. What is Ammonia Ammonia (NH3) is a stable compound and is used as a starting material for the manufacture of many important nitrogen compounds and can also be directly used as fertilisers. It is produced by reacting hydrogen and nitrogen. It is a colourless gas with a sharp odour. The boiling point is -33.35oC and its freezing point is -77.7oC.1 Care must be taken when handling ammonia as can cause deep burns in the skin; irritation in the eyes and nose and when inhaled can cause coughing, sore throat and headache.2 There are different methods for the manufacture of ammonia. The three main methods are steam reforming, partial oxidation and electrolysis. Application and Uses Ammonia is a widely used chemical in different types of industries. One of the main user of ammonia is the agricultural industries for fertilisers. Around 80% of ammonia produced is for fertilisers such as urea, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate.3 It is also used as a building block for nitrogen containing compounds like nitric acid (HNO3). It is also used in the fibres and plastics industry for the production of acrylonitrile, melamine etc., and manufacture of explosives. Ammonia is also used in water treatment such as pH control and also in combination with chlorine to purify industrial and municipal water supplies. Less commonly uses include as a refrigerant in compression and absorption systems, manufacture of household ammonia, in the food and beverage industry 4. Figure 1: Pie chart showing the uses of Ammonia. Market Trends Globally ammonia prices have been headed up due the large demand of fertilisers that are needed in the crop production to obtain high yield6. The current selling price of ammonia in Europe goes up to $600 per tonne7. Figure 2: Shows the global demand for Ammonia (D.a.NH3- Direct application of Ammonia) As we can see from the chart the trend of ammonia demand globally is upward. It is said that the global ammonia market is to generate revenues of approx. US$102 billion in 2019. As there is continous growth in population in the developing countries the likely to cause demand for foodstuffs are to increase even further. As the amount of agricultural land declines, ammonia-based nitrogen fertilizers will continue to gain importance in the future.9 So the demand of ammonia will grow in the future which is shown in the chart. Processes There are many different processes involved in the ammonia production. The most common processes for ammonia are partial oxidation, steam reforming and electrolysis. From these 3 processes the best process route is then selected and that process would be most economical and that meetes the design brief. Partial Oxidation Partial oxidation involves the reaction of oxygen with fuel to produce hydrogen. The following equations represent the partial oxidation of ethane, propane, butane and pentane. 10 C2H6 + O2 2CO + 3H2, C3H8 + 1.5O2 3CO + 4H2, C4H10 + 2O2 4CO + 5H2, C5H12 + 2.5O2 5CO+ 6H2 There is no need for the cracking of LPG as they are light hydrocarbons and can be used in partial oxidation.11 See Partial Oxidation flow sheet (Reference 1: Partial Oxidation Flow Sheet) Hazards and Environmental Impact The main emission is carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas and Partial Oxidation process emits more carbon dioxide compared to Steam Methane Reforming. Carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by recycling it and selling it to urea and nitro-phosphate plants.13 No ammonia should be present in the air but maybe because of faulty equipment and maintenance activities, some ammonia maybe released. Ammonia becomes explosive at the 16%-25% volume in air which could occur if there are any leakages in the ammonia storage facilities. It is also toxic by inhalation and pulmonary oedema can occur up to 48 hours after exposure and could be fatal.12 Nitrogen dioxide that is released is a toxic gas can be harmful when inhaled but can be avoided as can be detected because of the smell. The large amount of waste water from this process is another problem but there is a river near the Milford Haven site. Also water pollution is a concern which may occur because of the suspended and dissolved impurities. It could also affect the aquatic life. Therefore the water must be treated in a full three stage water treatment plant before disposing it. 13 The disadvantage of partial oxidation is that the capital costs are higher for partial oxidation compared to any other process. It is estimated to be  £100-120 million for an annual production of 7.7 million GJ while for SR it will only be  £70 million. 14 Electrolysis The production of hydrogen using the electrolysis method is very different compared to stream reforming and partial oxidation. Electrolysis produces hydrogen by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using volts of current to separate the hydrogen to one electrode and oxygen at the other in a cell. Oxygen is the by-product in the process of producing ammonia which is valuable because it can be used in other chemical processes or sold to other companies for profit. In electrolysis there is no CO2 produced therefore there is no pollution. Standard electrolytic ammonia production energy consumption historically has been about 12 megawatt-hour. The fuel cost alone of making ammonia is $600 metric ton, and including capital and operating expenses that metric ton of ammonia cost about $800 to make. Compare electrolytic and using uses of natural gas as raw material the economically, for the past 100 years the cost of natural gas has not been higher than $1 and the fuel cost for a metric ton of ammonia from natural gas has been $30-$40. Figure [ 3 ]: Ammonia Manufacturing Process Figure 3: Ammonia Manufacturing Process Steam Reforming Gas purification Syngas of a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water can be broken down in to individual components and further cleansed through purification. The syngas will enter a shift reformer, which breaks down the carbon monoxide in to hydrogen and carbon dioxide using steam (H2O). Carbon dioxide is much more environmentally friendly than CO and can either be released in to the atmosphere or used in other steam reforming processes in the future. Desulphurisation Sulphur is a problem when carrying out steam reforming as it acts as a poison for the catalysts involved. It is important that this is removed prior to the syngas entering the system. The process is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, which is usually nickel. This nickel acts as an absorber for the sulphur, and so several catalyst-filled tubes within the system with a large internal surface area will allow the sulphur to collect to be disposed of suitably. The Process Hydrocarbons usually contain sulphur which needs to be removed. The purification section is the first bed of the whole steam reforming process. Feed is passed through tubes containing zinc oxide. The sulphur in the feed reacts with the zinc oxide to produce zinc sulphide. This is to ensure that the feed travelling to the steam reformer does not poison the catalysts in this section in any way. The catalysts used in the steam reforming process are nickel-based. These are easily poisoned by sulphur species. The purified feed is mixed with steam and then is passed to the primary reformer, which involves a nickel-based catalyst where the steam reforming process is carried out. Once the hydrocarbon is cleansed of sulphur, the reforming process can begin. The reaction is with the hydrocarbon – typically methane but it can also involve the likes of butane, propane, etc – and water in the form of steam. The reaction for methane (CH4) is shown below. CH4 + H2O 3H2 + COΔH = +251kJmol-1 C3H8 + 6H2O 3CO2 + 10H2 C2H6 + 4H2O 2CO2 + 7H2 C4H10 + 8H2O 4CO2 + 7H2 C5H12 + 10H2O 5CO2 + 16H2 Reactions for other hydrocarbons, such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10) and pentane (C5H12) are also shown, with their respective steam amounts required and the products gained. Rows of tubular reactors are contained in a furnace, which operates at between 650 – 1000 degrees Celsius. The hydrocarbon feed enters the system at a very high pressure, typically 20 – 30 bar. The process is carried out in the presence of a nickel-based catalyst which is packed into cylindrical tubes through which the steam/hydrocarbon gas mixture is passed. The catalysts act as surface for which the hydrocarbon will absorb and the steam. (Reference 2: Steam Reforming Flow Sheet) Justification Steam reforming is the most viable proposition as we have all of the raw materials available within easy access, whereas if we were to use other processes, then we would have to source other materials e.g. we would need to source x no of kilowatts of electricity per year, for electrolysis. Mass Balance Cp Values Energy Balance Material Costs Simple Plant Cost Using a base of around  £410 per ton of ammonia, and output at 550,000 tonnes, it would be assumed that the plant would produce  £225,500,000 a year of ammonia. The Burrup plant in Australia was built at a cost of  £457 million and produces roughly 800,000 tonnes a year of ammonia. Using the 2/3 power rule, as follows, will allow the costs of the new 550k p/a plant to be shown. C = Cref(S/Sref)2/3 C = 457000000 * (550,000/800,000)2/3 C =  £355,984,702 The output of the new plant is  £225,500,000, but the plant costs  £355,984,702 to build, so it would take around a year and seven months for the plant to be profitable, based on an estimation without including the costs of the raw materials. Taylor Method Pay Back Time Sustainability The environment is constantly changing, whether by nature or by human led processes. Sustainability is about trying to manage this change through balancing social, economic and environmental needs, both locally and globally for present and future generations. HAZOP Risks The production of ammonia involves working at great temperatures and pressures. As such, it is vital that the equipment used in the plant is designed to withstand these conditions to function properly. The high temperatures and pressures involved in the production of ammonia can potentially put tremendous amounts of strain on the pipes and vessels used. The risks associated with this are: * Explosions from sudden release of pressurised gases from ruptured vessels * Fragmentation from rupture of the pipes * Fire * Poisoning from exposure to leaked materials * Chemical or thermal burns, again from exposure to leaked materials Not only are these hazards life-threatening, they would also be very expensive to put right for the production company. These risks can be avoided by preparing the plant for the conditions that it is about to go through. It is more economically viable to run the steam reformer at as high a temperature and pressure as possible. Magnesium oxide-lined furnaces, MgO, has a melting point of around 2800 degrees Fahrenheit, making it ideal for lining the furnaces used in the production of hydrogen. Hydrogen itself will cause some materials to become brittle and eventually break. Hydrogen features an active electron and thus will behave like a halogen, causing erosion in the metals that it comes into contact with. This can be avoided by using high-purity stainless steel in the sections of the plant which will come into contact with the hydrogen. This steel must have a maximum hardness of 80 HRB on the Rockwell Scale. Ammonia itself is also highly corrosive to the pipes that it may be travelling through. For this reason, it is recommended that stainless steel is also used here, at a similar hardness of that shown above. Most ammonia plants use centrifugally cast high-alloy tubing to hold the nickel-base catalyst in the primary reformer furnace. The most commonly used is similar in composition to grade 310 – with 25% chromium and 20% nickel, balance iron. This has a carbon content in the range of 0.35 – 0.45% for improved high-temperature creep and rupture stress. Thermal protection of piping involves fire brick owing to the high temperatures involved.

Poems About The Father-Child Relationship

Poems About The Father-Child Relationship A father-child relationship can be a beautiful thing for some, and complicated for others. There are different kinds of fathers. There are fathers who are always around for their children, who provide guidance and unconditional love. Then there are impossible-to-please fathers who burden their children with high expectations, leading to a strained relationship. And there are those fathers who, unable to handle the responsibilities of fatherhood, just walk out on their family. Some people may see their father in one way as a child, and grow up to see them in a completely new light. Its like when you argue about your curfew and your father tells you, Youll understand when you have a child. The complexity and richness of the father-child relationship explains why so many poets write poems about fathers and fatherhood. In this lesson, youll read poems about the father-child relationship. Youll also find out about the relationship between these poems themes and the form and devices used to express them. The poet Gregory Orr wrote a touching poem about how fathers learn as much from their children as they teach their children. Read Gregory Orrs poem, Fathers Song. What kind of relationship do the father and child in this poem share? What poetic devices does the poet use to depict the nuances of this relationship? This simple 14-line poem is about the relationship between a protective, caring father and a carefree, playful child. The use of free verse and lack of rhyme helps convey the simplicity and spontaneity of how the father feels about his child. Which lines in the poem make you almost see what is happening? Look at the lines my daughter balanced on the couch back, fell and cut her mouth. and the blood so red that it stops a fathers heart. These lines tell you how the speaker feels about his child. The poem reflects how the speakers experience and caution is balanced by his childs willingness to experience life freely and take risks, and the circle continues, round and round. The last two lines of this poem are the essence of a healthy father-child relationship, I try to teach her caution,/ she tried to teach me risk. The speaker tries to protect his child from harm, while the child shows him how to be open to adventure and new experiences. Poems About Fathers Analyzed While Gregory Orrs Fathers Song was inspired by fatherhood, other poets have been inspired by their fathers, like the poet Dylan Thomas. Read or listen to Thomass Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night, which is a sons plea to his dying father to not give in to death. This poems central theme is the speakers inability to accept his fathers old age and mortality. Now lets see how the poems form and structure add to this theme. This poem is a villanelle, which is a 19-line poem with five tercets, or three-line stanzas, that ends with a quatrain, or four-line stanza. A villanelle was traditionally used to write simple, pastoral poems. So, why do you think Thomas chose to write this poem as a villanelle? The villanelle form of Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night adds to the irony of commanding a weak, dying person to rage against death. Just as this poem is nothing like the typical lyrical, pastoral poem, a weak dying man is not likely to rage against anything. - Only two rhymes are used across the poem with words like, night, light, sight, and day, way, pray. These two recurring rhymes help build on the speakers intensity as he convinces his father to stay alive. The first and third rhymes of the first stanza are repeated alternately in an interlocking rhyme scheme in the succeeding stanzas. The rhyme scheme is aba/aba/aba/aba/aba/abaa, where the first rhyme is joined in the last two lines of the quatrain. The last two lines also bring together the poems two refrains: Do not go gentle into that good night, and Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Did you notice that these lines recur all across the poem? They depict the urgency of the speakers pleas as he consistently and forcefully urges his father to hang on to life. Lesson Activity-Self-Checked What effect do the two refrains in Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night, have? Do you interpret these refrains differently as the poem progresses? Write your answer in 175-200 words. - Besides the urgent refrains, several other poetic devices in the poem Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night help take forward the theme of a sons unwillingness to let his father succumb to death. Metaphors such as good night, dying of the light, and close of day, are used to refer to death. The words day and light represent life. Thats why the speakers father is urged to rage against the dying of the light. The simile, Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, implies that although his father may be going blind, his wisdom and greatness will enable him to see clearly with his minds eye. Did you notice the alliteration across the poem? Read the line Do not go gentle into that good night. Dont the alliterative sounds seem to add to the poems urgent passion? - Across the poem there are images of bright, illuminating things like lightning and meteors. Why do you think this bright imagery is used in a poem about dying? The speaker tries to persuade his father that a great man like him should not easily give in to death. He should overcome the darkness of death and continue to burn bright, as summed up in the lines, Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright/Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,/Rage, rage against the dying of the light. At the end of the poem, theres a paradox in the line, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. The juxtaposition of curse and bless indicates the sons desire to take his fathers pain unto himself. Its as if by cursing his son, the father can share his pain and fierce tears with his son who doesnt want to lose him. Dylan Thomas wrote Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night when his father, David John Thomas who had always been a strong man, was going blind and was on his deathbed. Thats why many read it as an autobiographical poem. The poet and his father had a great relationship and both shared a love for literature. The poet was very disturbed to see his father ravaged by age and wrote this poem to express how he felt. While Dylan Thomass poem is a sons plea to his dying father, the American poet E. E. Cummingss my father moved through dooms of love is an elegy. Read Cummingss my father moved through dooms of love. Whats the first thing that hits you about this poem? Did you notice that the poem is full of paradoxes? Look at phrases like dooms of love, griefs of joy, and theys of we. These and all the other paradoxes used take forward the poems theme, lamenting death while still celebrating the life lived. In this poem, the speaker says his father had lived a full life. Look at the lines joy was his song and joy so pure, his anger was as right as rain/ his pity was as green as grain and his sorrow was as true as bread. These lines tell you that whether the speakers father was happy, angry, or sad, he experienced each emotion completely. He inspired others to be the best they could be, his april touch/ drove sleeping selves to swarm their fates/ woke dreamers to their ghostly roots. The speaker takes readers across seasons, april touch, septembering arms, octobering flame, that seem to mirror his fathers full life with varied experiences and emotions. The last two lines, because my father lived his soul/love is the whole and more than all, convey how the father lived a life filled with love for and from his family. What do lines like joy was his song and joy so pure, no hungry man but wished him food;/no cripple wouldnt creep one mile/uphill to only see him smile, no liar looked him in the head, tell you about the speakers fathers personality? It sounds like the speakers father was liked and revered universally. He lived a pure and full life, which is brought out by the line, because my Father lived his soul. Cummings wrote my father moved through dooms of love in his typical style, with no spaces or adherence to structural rules, to ensure that his creativity and feelings flow freely. Like Dylan Thomass Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night, this poem is also considered autobiographical. Cummings wrote this poem as an elegy to his father Edward Cummings, a professor at Harvard University, who died suddenly in a car accident. His fathers sudden death sobered Cummings into writing about more serious aspects of life. Poems About Fathers Compared While poems like Cummingss my father moved through dooms of love create a picture of a loved and loving father, others present dark, complicated pictures of fathers, such as the American poet Sylvia Plath. Read Plaths poem Daddy. You can also watch Plath recite her poem, Daddy. Whats this poem about? Daddy examines a daughters unresolved feelings for her father, who passed away. The speakers father died when she was so young that she was in awe of him, but never really understood him. The speakers awe for her father is reflected in the way she compares him to a bag full of God. She also expresses how she cannot escape from her fathers looming presence, with his one gray toe/ Big as a Frisco seal, reaching out across continents. Her conflicted feelings come to the fore later in the poem, when despite efforts she cant find her father. She then compares him to a devil, with A cleft in your chin instead of your foot, a brute, and a vampire. The speaker portrays herself as a vampire killer, her fathers killer, If Ive killed one man, Ive killed two. The speakers frustration climaxes in the last stanza, where she gets defensive and calls her father names, and exclaims she is through with him. - Plaths poem, Daddy is made up of 16 five-line stanzas. The one rhyme that appears in the poem is inconsistent, You do not do, you do not do, with some consecutive lines that end with words that rhyme with do, like shoe and Achoo, in the first stanza, and then you, blue, Jew, and so on in the other stanzas. Whats the relationship between the inconsistent rhyme scheme and the poems theme of a daughters unresolved feelings? The inconsistent, sporadic rhyme scheme seems to reflect the speakers emotional turmoil and the conflicting feelings she has for her father. The rhythm created by the sporadically recurring rhyme coupled with the use of symbolism and imagery reflects the speakers attempts to try to take control of the emotional turmoil caused by her fathers disturbing memories. Daddy is about a father, and so the imagery, language, and symbolism used are shocking. Look at the poems opening lines, You do not do, you do not do/ Any more, black shoe/ In which I have lived like a foot. These lines provide a glimpse into the speakers contradictory emotions. To show the protective and suffocating side of her father, the speaker uses a shoe as a symbol of her father and the foot inside the shoe as herself. Shoes protect the feet, but also constrict them, thereby symbolizing her conflicted feelings. Are you wondering what references to fascism, Nazis, and the Holocaust are doing in this poem? These images and references depict the speakers confusion about her father. The speaker compares her father to a fascist who puts his boot in the face. She calls her father an Aryan and herself a Jew, to convey that her father tortured her, like the Nazis tortured Jewish people in German death camps. There are constant references to black in the poem to reflect the speakers dark, confused feelings about her father. First, there is the black shoe and then the reference to The black telephones off at the root,/the voices just cant worm through. to convey that the speaker has permanently severed her connection with her father. Now look at the last stanza of Daddy? The lines, And the villagers never liked you./They are dancing and stamping on you. reflect the despicable picture that the speaker creates of her father, in her attempts to free herself of the hold that her fathers memory has on her, So daddy, Im finally through. The strongly worded last line, Daddy, daddy, you bastard, Im through. serves as the speakers final rant against the memories that cause her turmoil. Did you wonder about the speakers obsession with her father in this poem? Some critics have tried to explain this obsession by identifying elements of the Electra complex in the poem. The Electra complex refers to a daughters unresolved, unconscious desire for her father. Critics believe that this conflict is reflected in the speakers desperate and contradictory efforts to go to her father by committing suicide, At twenty I tried to die/And get back, back, back to you, and conversely to end her unhealthy, traumatizing relationship with her fathers memories wanting to kill him even though hes already dead, Daddy, I have had to kill you./You died before I had time The speakers confused feelings are again reflected when she used to pray to recover [him]. If you know anything about Sylvia Plaths life, youre probably wondering if Daddy is an autobiographical poem? The references, imagery, and symbolism used in Plaths Daddy do resonate with whats known about her life, like the complex feelings and unresolved issues she had toward her father, a Biology professor at Boston University, who died when she was just eight; her inability to deal with her fathers untimely death; her unsuccessful marriage. When read autobiographically, the line At twenty I tried to die, refers to Plaths attempted suicide at the age of 20 when she overdosed on sleeping pills. The line, The vampire who said he was you/And drank my blood for a year./Seven years, if you want to know. possibly refer to her unsuccessful marriage to poet Ted Hughes, which lasted for seven years. Plath, burdened with complexities, committed suicide when she was 31, leaving behind two children and her estranged husband, the poet Ted Hughes. This fact probably explains the use of brutal an d violent imagery, which could only be conjured by a disturbed mind as Plaths was.This autobiographical account would explain the brutal, violent imagery used in the poem, which reflect the poets disturbed state of mind and her confusion as a daughter, who feels abandoned and let-down. - While Sylvia Plaths poem deals with the smothering effect the fathers memories had on the speaker, Robert Haydens Those Winter Sundays contrasts the speakers ideas about his father as a child with how he feels about his father as a grown-up looking back. Read Robert Haydens poem Those Winter Sundays or watch the poem being recited. In this poem, which is a grown mans reflections on his father, the speaker describes the entire father-son dynamic with one winter memory. He thinks back to his childhood and sees his father differently than he did as a child. Those Winter Sundays is an American sonnet, with the traditional 14-lines, and has three stanzas. The first and third stanzas are five lines long, and the second stanza has four lines. How does the form carry the poems theme forward? Using the sonnet form, , the poem presents a problem in the first two stanzas, where the speaker describes how his father went about his chores for his family and was never appreciated. The resolution to this problem is presented in the final stanza-the speaker realizes his fathers value and feels guilty for how he never thanked him. Focus on the lines, No one ever thanked him, speaking indifferently to him, and What did I know, what did I know of loves austere and lonely offices? These lines convey the speakers guilt and regret for never appreciating everything his father did for him. Look at the way the poem uses repetition, What did I know, what did I know of loves austere and lonely offices? This line expresses how bad the speaker feels about being so obtuse about his father as a child. And what does offices in this line mean? The word offices brings to mind the responsibilities and duties that come with an authoritative position, in this case fatherhood. The austere and lonely offices describe how the speakers father displayed love by silently and dedicatedly fulfilling his duties to his family. Though an unrhymed poem, a rhythm is created using poetic devices like consonance, repetition, and alliteration. The use of consonance, with the repetition of the hard c and k sounds in lines like cracked hands that ached, and then in weekday weather made banked fires blaze. No one ever thanked him, conveys the pain that the father endured, and how his efforts went unappreciated. The alliteration where the w sound is repeated, in the weekday weather made banked fires blaze, reflects the repetition in the way the father spent his Sunday mornings. Those Winter Sundays is also rich in symbolism and imagery. What comes to mind when you read about the banked fires blazed and the cold splintering, breaking? This visual imagery makes readers imagine how cold it was through this description of how the logs in the fire would burn and crackle and warm up their home, driving out the cold. The cracked hands symbolize how hard the father worked, and the blueblack cold depicts the harsh cold that the father endured for his familys comfort. What comes to mind when you read about the banked fires blazed and the cold splintering, breaking? The visual imagery makes readers imagine how cold it was through this description of how the logs in the fire would burn and crackle and warm up their home, driving out the cold. Did you notice the transference in the line, fearing the chronic angers of that house? The inanimate house isnt angry. Its the speakers father who is angry and impatient with his children who were lazy about doing their Sunday morning chores. This line is interesting when you look at the poem autobiographically. Hayden, who it is believed was subjected to beatings by his foster parents Sue Ellen and William Hayden, only cursorily refers to the chronic angers of that house, and instead concentrates on the banked fires blazed to highlight how his foster father would keep the household warm. In that sense, this poem is not a criticism of his fathers beating, but a delayed tribute to the man who took pains to care for him. Lesson Activity-Self-Checked Answer this question in 125-150 words: What is the significance of the words Sundays too in Haydens Those Winter Sundays? Why do you think the poet used these words, instead of just, On Sundays? Support your answer with examples from the poem. Another poet, who explored the theme of the father-son relationship, is Theodore Roethke. Read his poem, My Papas Waltz and watch the poem being recited. What do you think this poem is about? At the outset, especially considering the title of the poem and the quick rhythm as you read, it seems to be about the speakers fond recollection of playfully dancing around with his father after hed come home from work in the evening. Lets see what elements of the poem support this interpretation. The structure which is made up of four quatrains and has a tight rhyme scheme of abab/cdcd/efef/ghgh, gives the poem the cadence of a waltz to mirror the ordered steps of the father and son dancing around. However, the waltzing here is rough and energetic, not smooth and graceful like waltzing is supposed to be. Similarly, alliteration is used in lines like, such waltzing was not easy, My mothers countenance, Could not unfrown itself, and the hand that held my wrist to add to poems easy rhythm. - Now lets examine the imagery in Roethkes My Papas Waltz. The line, The whiskey on your breath evokes olfactory imagery and the readers can almost smell the whiskey. Similarly, the lines, We romped until the pans, Slid from the kitchen shelf, create an image of how boisterous the father and son were as they danced around. Is it surprising then that the mothers countenance/Could not unfrown itself, possibly because she has to tidy up after them? The images of the battered hands and the palm caked hard by dirt, indicate that the father worked hard all day, probably at manual labor. Finally, the son Still clinging to your shirt conveys his unwillingness to let go of father, not wanting their fun to end. When interpreted in terms of the father and son bonding, this could be an autobiographical poem. The battered hand and a palm caked hard by dirt relate to the fact that Roethkes father ran a greenhouse and it involved gardening and manual labor. It is known that Roethke had a happy childhood and was devastated his father died when he was just 14. The battered hand and a palm caked hard by dirt relate to the fact that Roethkes father ran a greenhouse and it involved gardening and manual labor. But is this all theres to the poem? Some critics have interpreted the poem in a dark, ominous way. Is Roethkes My Papas Waltz a poem about a sons happy recollections of playing with his father or is this about alcoholism and child abuse? Youve just seen how this can be construed in the light, happy way, not lets see how this poem can take a dark turn. The image that the father beat time on the childs head with a battered hand, and of the whiskey on [his] breath is believed by some to indicate that the father would come home drunk and be physically abusive. This is used to explain why, the son is dizzy and hung on like death. The line, My right ear scraped a buckle, is also interpreted as a sign of violence. When interpreted like this the mothers frowning countenance, is believed to convey her helplessness as she couldnt save her child from her alcoholic husband. Which of these two interpretations holds true? Its interesting that when the poem was published in 1948, it was viewed only as a happy, loud, and strenuous dancing around of the father and son. More recently, this poem has been interpreted as a depiction of child abuse. Lesson Activity-Self-Checked Answer this question in 200-225 words: Which interpretation of Theodore Roethkes My Papas Waltz do you agree with? Support your answer with examples from the poem. Written in the first person, both Haydens Those Winter Sundays and Roethkes My Papas Waltz are about childhood memories about fathers. Interestingly, though Hayden is known to have suffered beatings at the hands of his foster parents, most critics, ignore his background and the powerful image of the chronic angers of that house, and view Those Winter Sundays as a poem about a sons regret for being unappreciative of his father. On the other hand, critics view My Papas Waltz differently; some see it as a poem about child abuse and alcoholism, while some interpret it as a poem about a happy father-son relationship. These interpretations show just how important diction is in interpreting a poem. The use of words such as blueblack cold and lines like, What did I know, what did I know/of loves austere and lonely offices? and Sundays too my father got up early depict the father in Haydens poem as an affectionate, caring man. While the use of dizzy, hung on like death, battered, scraped, and battered on one knuckle creates an image of an abusive father in Roethkes My Papas Waltz. Lets look at how these two poems compare structurally. Those Winter Sundays is an American sonnet with three stanzas, the first and third stanzas are five-lines long, and the second stanza has four lines. This poem does not follow any rhyme scheme. On the other hand My Papas Waltz is made up of four quatrains and has a tight rhyme scheme of abab/cdcd/efef/ghgh that makes the poem sound like a waltz. Both Hayden and Roethke use powerful imagery in their poems. The lines, and put his clothes on in the blueblack cold,/ then with cracked hands that ached and banked fires blaze. from Those Winter Sundays are examples of imagery and alliteration used to describe the fathers hard work. In My Papas Waltz, Roethke also uses alliteration and imagery in lines such as But I hung on like death,/ Such waltzing was not easy, The hand that held my wrist,/ Was battered on one knuckle, and With a palm caked hard by dirt, to help readers visualize how the father and son romped around. - Summary Over the years, poets have explored the father-child relationship in their poems. Sometimes the poem may be from a fathers perspective, sometimes from a childs, and sometimes from the perspective of a grown adult looking back at childhood memories. And depending on the poems theme, poets use different forms and poetic devices to put across their ideas about fathers. While Orr writes about what a father teaches and learns from his children, Cummingss my father moved through dooms of love is reverential and written in his unique style so he can freely express himself. Haydens Those Winter Days is written in the American sonnet form, and expresses a sons guilt at being indifferent towards his father. Roethkes tightly structured My Papas Waltz describes the rhythmic and spirited dance of a father-son relationship. Thomass Do Not Go Gentle In To The Good Night is about a son who cant deal with the thought of his father dying. And Plaths confessional Daddy is about the speakers inability t o deal with her feelings of abandonment at her fathers death.